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Nikolay Yegorovich Zhukovsky[1] (Russian: Никола́й Его́рович Жуко́вский, IPA: [ʐʊˈkofskʲɪj]; January 17 [O.S. January 5] 1847 – March 17, 1921) was a Russian scientist, mathematician and engineer, and a founding father of modern aero- and hydrodynamics. Whereas contemporary scientists scoffed at the idea of human flight, Zhukovsky was the first to undertake the study of airflow. He is often called the Father of Russian Aviation.

Nikolay Zhukovsky Никола́й Жуко́вский
Born	(1847-01-17)January 17, 1847 Orekhovo, Vladimir Oblast, Russian Empire
Died	March 17, 1921(1921-03-17) (aged 74) Moscow
Nationality	Russian
Alma mater	Moscow State University
Known for	Fluid Dynamics Founder of Aerodynamics
Awards	Order of Saint Anna Order of Saint Stanislaus Order of Saint Vladimir
Scientific career
Fields	Mathematical Physics
Institutions	Imperial Moscow University Bauman Moscow State Technical University Moscow State University
Academic advisors	August Davidov
Notable students	S. Chaplygin L. I. Sedov V. V. Shuleikin
Influences	Ernst Mach Ludwig Mach Nikolai Brashman

The Joukowsky transform is named after him, while the fundamental aerodynamical theorem, the Kutta–Joukowski theorem, is named after both him and German mathematician Martin Kutta.

Life

Zhukovsky was born in the village of Orekhovo, Vladimir Governorate, Russian Empire. In 1868, he graduated from Moscow University where he studied under August Davidov. From 1872, he was a professor at the Imperial Technical School. In 1904, he established the world's first Aerodynamic Institute in Kachino near Moscow. He was influenced by both Ernst Mach and his son Ludwig Mach.[2] From 1918, he was the head of TsAGI (Central AeroHydroDynamics Institute).

He was the first scientist to explain mathematically the origin of aerodynamic lift, through his circulation hypothesis, the first to establish that the lift force generated by a body moving through an ideal fluid is proportional to the velocity and the circulation around the body. He used a conformal mathematical transformation to define the ideal shape of the aerodynamic profile having as essential elements a rounded nose (leading edge), double surface (finite thickness), cambered or symmetrical, and a sharp tail (trailing edge). He built the first wind tunnel in Russia. He was also responsible for the eponymous water hammer equation used by civil engineers and the Joukowsky transform.

He published a derivation for the maximum energy obtainable from a turbine in 1920, at the same time as German scientist Albert Betz.[3] This is known controversially as Betz's law, as this result was also derived by British scientist Frederick W. Lanchester. This is a famous example of Stigler's law of eponymy.

In December 1918 , at Zhukovsky's proposal and with his active participation, the Soviet government founded the Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute (TsAGI), of which he became the first head. At the same time, theoretical courses for military pilots were founded, later transformed into the Moscow Aviation Technical College. The Institute of Engineers of the Red Air Fleet was established on its base in 1920, and in May 1922 it became the Air Force Engineering Academy named after Zhukovsky.

Zhukovsky died in Moscow in 1921.

Recognition

A city near Moscow and the crater Zhukovskiy on the Moon are both named in his honor.

The State Zhukovsky Prize was established in 1920 'for the best works in mathematics'.

The Russian Air Force's engineering academy was named for him, later reorganized into the Zhukovsky – Gagarin Air Force Academy. In May 2016, Moscow's fourth largest airport was named in his honor.

Mosfilm produced a 1950 eponymous biopic directed by Vsevolod Pudovkin with music by Vissarion Shebalin, which earned Pudovkin and Shebalin the USSR State Prize in 1951.

The Russian Central Aero-Hydrodynamic Institute and the Ukrainian National Aerospace University – Kharkiv Aviation Institute are named after him.

The Zhukovsky House is a museum dedicated to his memory

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See also

• Joukowsky equation
• Joukowsky transform
• Kutta–Joukowski theorem

References

• O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Nikolay Zhukovsky (scientist)", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews

External links

• Media related to Nikolai Zhukovsky at Wikimedia Commons

На других языках

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[de] Nikolai Jegorowitsch Schukowski

Nikolai Jegorowitsch Schukowski (russisch Николай Егорович Жуковский, wiss. Transliteration Nikolaj Egorovič Žukovskij, häufig als Joukowski transkribiert; * 5. Januarjul. / 17. Januar 1847greg. in Orechowo, Gouvernement Wladimir; † 17. März 1921 in Moskau) war ein russischer Mathematiker, Aerodynamiker und Hydrodynamiker. Er gilt als Vater der russischen Luftfahrt.

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- [en] Nikolay Zhukovsky (scientist)

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[fr] Nikolaï Joukovski

Nikolaï Iegorovitch Joukovski (en russe : Николай Егорович Жуковский), né le 5 janvier 1847 (17 janvier 1847 dans le calendrier grégorien)[1] à Orekhovo, oblast de Vladimir et mort le 17 mars 1921 à Moscou, est un savant russe puis soviétique, fondateur des sciences hydro- et aérodynamiques. Il avait été surnommé par Lénine le « père de l'aviation russe ».

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[ru] Жуковский, Николай Егорович

Никола́й Его́рович Жуко́вский (5 [17] января 1847, Владимирская губерния — 17 марта 1921, Москва) — русский учёный-механик, основоположник гидро- и аэродинамики.

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