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The Hughes H-1 Racer is a racing aircraft built by Hughes Aircraft in 1935. It set a world airspeed record and a transcontinental speed record across the United States. The H-1 Racer was the last aircraft built by a private individual to set the world speed record; most aircraft to hold the record since have been military designs.

H-1 Racer
The H-1 Racer at the National Air and Space Museum (below)
Role	Racing aircraft Long-range aircraft [for record attempt] Type of aircraft
Manufacturer	Hughes Aircraft
Designer	Richard Palmer[1][2]
First flight	August 17, 1935[3]
Primary user	Howard Hughes
Produced	1935
Number built	1
Career
Registration	NR258Y
Preserved at	National Air and Space Museum

Development

During his work on his movie Hell's Angels, Howard Hughes employed Glenn Odekirk to maintain the fleet of over 100 aircraft used in the production. The two men shared a common interest in aviation and hatched a plan to build a record-beating aircraft. The aircraft was given many names, but is commonly known as the H-1. It was the first aircraft model produced by the Hughes Aircraft company.

Design studies began in 1934 with an exacting scale model (over two feet in length) that was tested in the California Institute of Technology wind tunnel, revealing a speed potential of 365 miles per hour (587 km/h).[4]

Design

Streamlining was a paramount design criterion resulting in "one of the cleanest and most elegant aircraft designs ever built."[5] Many groundbreaking technologies were developed during the construction process, including individually machined flush rivets that left the aluminium skin of the aircraft completely smooth. The H-1 also had retractable landing gear to further increase the speed of the aircraft, including a fully retractable hydraulically actuated tail skid.[5] It was fitted with a Pratt & Whitney R-1535 twin-row 14-cylinder radial engine of 1,535 cubic inches (25.15 l), which although originally rated at 700 horsepower (522 kW), was tuned to put out over 1,000 horsepower (750 kW).[5]

Due to two different roles being envisioned for the racing aircraft, a set of short-span wings for air racing and speed records and a set of "long" wings for cross-country racing were prepared.

Operational history

Hughes piloted the first flight on August 17, 1935 at Grand Central Airport in Glendale, California. A month later, on 13 September at Martin Field near Santa Ana, California, Hughes promptly broke the world landplane speed record clocking 352.39 mph (567.12 km/h) averaged over four timed passes. The ship was loaded with a minimal amount of fuel to keep the weight down, and Hughes was not supposed to make the 3rd and 4th passes, exhausting the fuel supply. Hughes managed to crash-land in a beet field south of Santa Ana without serious damage to either himself or the H-1.[2]^{: 133–134} When his compatriots arrived at the crash site Hughes said "We can fix her; she'll go faster." At the time, the world seaplane speed record was 440.7 mph (709.2 km/h), set by a Macchi M.C.72 in October 1934. The previous landplane record was held Raymond Delmotte, averaging 314.32 mph (505.85 km/h) in a Caudron C.460.

Hughes later implemented minor changes to the H-1 Racer to make it more suitable for a transcontinental speed record attempt. The most significant change was the fitting of a new, longer set of wings that gave the aircraft a lower wing loading. On January 19, 1937, a year and a half after his previous landplane speed record in the H-1, Hughes set a new transcontinental speed record by flying non-stop from Los Angeles to New York City in 7 hours, 28 minutes and 25 seconds. He smashed his own previous record of 9 hours, 27 minutes by two hours. His average speed over the flight was 322 miles per hour (518 km/h).[6]

Considering the contemporary service aircraft were biplanes, Hughes fully expected the United States Army Air Corps (USAAC) to embrace his aircraft's new design and make the H-1 the basis for a new generation of U.S. fighter aircraft. His efforts to "sell" the design were unsuccessful. In postwar testimony before the Senate, Hughes indicated that resistance to the innovative design was the basis for the USAAC rejection of the H-1: "I tried to sell that airplane to the Army but they turned it down because at that time the Army did not think a cantilever monoplane was proper for a pursuit ship..."[7]

Aviation writer William Wraga states that the H-1 Racer inspired later radial engine fighters such as the Republic P-47 Thunderbolt, the Mitsubishi A6M Zero and the Focke-Wulf Fw 190, without offering any arguments for that being the case other than "Hughes showed them how it should be done."[8] After the war, Hughes claimed that "it was quite apparent to everyone that the Japanese Zero fighter had been copied from the Hughes H-1 Racer." He claimed both the wing shape, the tail design and the general similarity of the Zero and his racer.[9][N 1] Jiro Horikoshi, designer of the Mitsubishi Zero strongly denied the allegation of the Hughes H-1 influencing the design of the Japanese fighter aircraft.[10] Naval histrographer Drachinifel concludes that Hughes was gravely mistaken, as virtually nothing in shape or capabilities is shared between the two aircraft.[11]

The Hughes H-1 Racer is featured in the 1940 RKO Radio Pictures movie Men Against the Sky.[12]

Disposition

The original H-1 Racer was donated to the Smithsonian in 1975 and is on display at the National Air and Space Museum.[13]

Replicas

A non-flying replica was displayed in the National Air Race Museum from 1993 to 1994,[14] after which it was placed in storage.

Jim Wright of Cottage Grove, Oregon built a full-scale replica of the H-1 that he first flew in 2002. His replica was so close to the original that the FAA granted it serial number 2 of the model. His achievement in recreating the aircraft was heralded in many aviation magazines.[15]

On August 4, 2003, Wright unveiled his H-1 replica at the 2003 AirVenture at Oshkosh, Wisconsin. On his way home to Oregon, he refueled the aircraft in Gillette, Wyoming. Wright met briefly with local reporters and said that the aircraft had been having propeller "gear problems." An hour after taking off, the aircraft crashed just north of the Old Faithful Geyser in Yellowstone National Park, killing Wright. The replica, slated to be used in the film The Aviator, was completely destroyed.[16][N 2] The official accident report detailed the failure of a counterweight on the constant speed propeller.[18] On December 17, 2003, Cottage Grove State Airport was dedicated as Jim Wright Field.

A static replica H-1 was displayed on a pole alongside Hughes’ “Spruce Goose” at Long Beach when the latter aircraft was displayed in a dome adjacent to the Queen Mary. Other non-flying replicas are displayed at the Thomas T. Beam Engineering Complex at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas[19] (donated by the Howard Hughes Corporation in 1988) and the Santa Maria Museum of Flight.[20] As of 2016^[update],[21] another H-1 replica is being built at the San Diego Air & Space Museum.[22]

Specifications (H-1 Racer, original wings)

Data from "Howard Hughes' H-1: The Search for the Fastest Plane in the World".[23]

General characteristics

• Crew: 1
• Length: 27 ft 0 in (8.23 m)
• Wingspan: 31 ft 9 in (9.67 m)
• Height: 8 ft 0 in (2.4 m)
• Wing area: 138 sq ft (12.8 m²)
• Empty weight: 3,565 lb (1,620 kg)
• Gross weight: 5,492 lb (2,496 kg)
• Powerplant: 1 × Pratt & Whitney R-1535[24] radial engine, 700 hp (521 kW)

Performance

• Maximum speed: 352 mph (566 km/h, 306 kn)
• Wing loading: 40 lb/sq ft (195 kg/m²)
• Power/mass: 0.13hp/lb (210W/kg)

Gallery

• 
  Tail of H-1 Racer
• 
  Rear landing gear
• 
  Right side of H-1 Racer
• 
  Detailed wood and metal work inside
• 
  Propeller of H-1
• 
  Tip of H-1 tail
• 
  Flush metalwork for aerodynamics
• 
  Canopy with flush metalwork
• 
  H-1 nose with exhaust system displayed
• 
  Front dials of H-1 Racer cockpit
• 
  Side controls of H-1 Racer cockpit
• 
  Pratt & Whitney "Dependable Engines" emblem on H-1 Racer

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

External links

• Howard Hughes - Aviator, (UNLV) Library website
• Wright Tools - History of the H-1
• The H-1 Racer - National Air and Space Museum website
• Hughes Racer
• The Silver Bullet: No airplane in the world could outshine Howard Hughes' H-1 Racer until Jim Wright built a copy of it
• Hughes H-1 Racer, many technical details and pictures (German)

На других языках

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[de] Hughes H-1

Die Hughes H-1 Special war das erste Flugzeug, das der vom Fliegen und von der Filmwelt begeisterte US-amerikanischen Millionär Howard Hughes 1934 für sich baute. Es handelte sich um einen einsitzigen, einmotorigen Tiefdecker mit hydraulisch einziehbarem Spornradfahrwerk, der speziell für Geschwindigkeitswettbewerbe gedacht war.

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- [en] Hughes H-1 Racer

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[fr] Hughes H-1

Le Hughes H-1 est un avion de course construit par Hughes Aircraft en 1935. Il a établi un record du monde de vitesse et un record de vitesse transcontinental à travers les États-Unis. Le H-1 est le dernier avion construit par un particulier destiné à battre le record du monde de vitesse, la plupart des avions suivant qui ont détenu ce record étaient de conceptions militaires.

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[it] Hughes H-1 Racer

Lo Hughes H-1 Racer era un monomotore da competizione monoplano ad ala bassa realizzato dall'azienda statunitense Hughes Aircraft nel 1935 allo scopo di conquistare il primato di velocità per aerei della sua categoria.

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