Concordia Research Station, which opened in 2005, is a French–Italian research facility that was built 3,233m (10,607ft) above sea level at a location called Dome C on the Antarctic Plateau, Antarctica. It is located 1,100km (680mi) inland from the French research station at Dumont D'Urville, 1,100km (680mi) inland from Australia's Casey Station and 1,200km (750mi) inland from the Italian Zucchelli Station at Terra Nova Bay. Russia's Vostok Station is 560km (350mi) away. The Geographic South Pole is 1,670km (1,040mi) away. The facility is also located within Australia's claim on Antarctica, the Australian Antarctic Territory.
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Antarctic base
Concordia Station
Antarctic base
Concordia Research Station at Dome Circe, Charlie or Concordia.
Concordia Station is the third permanent, all-year research station on the Antarctic Plateau besides Vostok Station (Russian) and the Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station (U.S.) at the Geographic South Pole. It is jointly operated by scientists from France and Italy and regularly hosts ESA scientists.
History
In 1992, France built a new station on the Antarctic Plateau. The program was later joined by Italy in 1993.
In 1995, Pr. Jean Vernin from University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis and Pr. Giorgio Dall'Oglio from University of Rome performed the first scientific experience towards a site qualification at Dome C.
In 1996, a French-Italian team established a summer camp at Dome C. The two main objectives of the camp were the provision of logistical support for the European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica (EPICA) and the construction of a permanent research station.
The new all-year facility, Concordia Station, became operational in 2005. The first winterover began with a staff of 13 (eleven French and 2 Italians) in February 2005.
Most of the cargo is moved to Dome C by traverse from Dumont d'Urville Station, covering 1,200 kilometres (750mi) in 7 to 12 days depending on weather conditions. Station personnel and light cargo arrive by air, landing on a Skiway, using the Twin Otters or Basler BT-67 flying from DDU or Zucchelli Station at 1,200 kilometres (750mi).
Environment
Dome C is situated on top of the Antarctic Plateau. No animals or plants live at a distance of more than a few tens of kilometers from the Southern Ocean. However, south polar skuas have been spotted overflying the station, 1,200km away from their nearest food sources. It is believed that these birds have learned to cross the continent instead of circumnavigating it.
Human biology and medicine
Concordia Station shares many stressor characteristics similar to that of long-duration deep-space missions, in particular extreme isolation and confinement, and therefore serves as a useful analogue platform for research relevant to space medicine. During the winter, the crew are isolated from the outside world, having no transportation and limited communication[2] for 9 months and live a prolonged period in complete darkness, at an altitude almost equivalent to 4000m at the equator. This creates physiological and psychological strains on the crew. Concordia station is particularly useful for the study of chronic hypobaric hypoxia, stress secondary to confinement and isolation, circadian rhythm and sleep disruption, individual and group psychology, telemedicine, and astrobiology. Concordia station has been proposed as one of the real-life Earth-based analogues for long-duration deep-space missions.[3]
Glaciology
In the 1970s, Dome C was the site of ice core drilling by field teams of several nations.
In the 1990s, Dome C was chosen for deep ice core drilling by the European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica (EPICA). Drilling at Dome C began in 1996 and was completed on December 21, 2004, reaching a drilling depth of 3270.2 m, 5 m above bedrock. The age of the oldest recovered ice is estimated to be ca. 900,000 years.[4]
Astronomy
This article or section appears to contradict itself. (August 2021)
Concordia Station has been identified as a suitable location for extremely accurate astronomical observations. The transparency of the Antarctic atmosphere permits the observation of stars even when the sun is at an elevation angle of 38°. Other advantages include the very low infrared sky emission, the high percentage of cloud-free time and the low aerosol and dust content of the atmosphere.
The median seeing measured with a DIMM Differential Image Motion Monitor [5] placed on top of an 8.5 m high tower is 1.3±0.8 arcseconds.
This is significantly worse than most major observatory sites, but similar to other observatories in Antarctica. However, Lawrence et al. consider other features of the site and conclude that "Dome C is the best ground-based site to develop a new astronomical observatory".[6] Note however that this was written before whole-atmospheric seeing measurements had been made at Dome C.
Thanks to the Single Star Scidar SSS, Vernin, Chadid and Aristidi et al.[7] and Giordano, Vernin and Chadid et al.[8] finally demonstrated that most of the optical turbulence is concentrated within the first 30 m atmospheric level at Dome C. The rest of the atmosphere is very quiet with a seeing of about 0.3-0.4 arcseconds, and the overall seeing is somewhat around 1.0 arcseconds.
Launched in 2007, PAIX the first robotic multi-color Antarctica Photometer[9]
gives a new insight to cope with unresolved stellar enigma and stellar oscillation challenges and offers a great
opportunity to benefit from an access to the best astronomical site on Earth –Dome C–. Indeed, Chadid, Vernin, Preston et al.[10]
implement, for the first time from the ground, a new way to study the stellar oscillations, pulsations and their evolutionary
properties with long uninterrupted and continuous precision observations over 150 days, and
without the regular interruptions imposed by the Earth rotation. PAIX achieves astrophysical UBVRI bands time-series measurements of stellar physics fields,
challenging photometry from Space.
The Antarctic Search for Transiting ExoPlanets (ASTEP) programme is composed of two telescopes: a 10 cm refractor installed in 2008, and a 40 cm telescope installed in 2010 and upgraded in 2022.[11][12][13]
Climate
The climate at Dome C where Concordia Station is located is frigid all year round, being one of the coldest places on Earth. It has a polar ice cap climate (Köppen EF), with maximums ranging from −24.8°C (−12.6°F) in December to −62°C (−80°F) in May, mean ranging from −30.4°C (−22.7°F) in December to −65.3°C (−85.5°F) in May and minimums ranging from −36.1°C (−33.0°F) in December to −68.7°C (−91.7°F) in May. The annual average air temperature is −54.5°C (−66.1°F). The station has never recorded a temperature above freezing; the warmest temperature recorded was −5.4°C (22.3°F) in January.[yearneeded] Temperatures can fall below −80°C (−112°F) in winter, and the coldest recorded temperature was −84.6°C (−120.3°F) in August 2010; one of the coldest temperatures ever recorded on Earth.
Humidity is low and it is also very dry, with very little precipitation throughout the year.
Dome C does not experience the katabatic winds typical for the coastal regions of Antarctica because of its elevated location and its relative distance from the edges of the Antarctic Plateau. Typical wind speed in winter is 2.8m/s.
While the station has been in use for summer campaigns since December 1997, the first winterover (February to October) was only made in 2005. During this period, the station is inaccessible, requiring total autonomy.
First winter-over (DC01 – 2005)
The first winter began in mid-February 2005, with thirteen wintering (eleven French people and two Italians):
Michel Munoz: station leader, plumber, France
Roberto Dicasilati: physician, Italy
Christophe Mozer: powerhouse chief, France
Pascal Bordais: radio, electronics, computers, France
Emanuele Salvietti: glaciologist, Italy
Claire Le Calvez: technical chief, France
Michel Galland: electrician, France
Jean-Louis Duraffourg: chef, France
Abdelkarim Agabi (Karim Agabi): astronomer, France
Stéphane Beausire: boilermaker, welder, France
Jean Elegoet: vehicle mechanic, France
Jean-François Jurvilliers: multipurpose technician, France
Guillaume Dargaud: climatologist, France (under contract with the Italian National Antarctic Research Program – PNRA)
In September 2005 the highest temperature was −48°C, with an average in August of −60.2°C and a record of −78.6°C on 1 September.
At these temperatures, trips outside had to be performed with the utmost care. Those going outside travelled at least in pairs and were equipped with a radio, spare batteries and a full fleece suit, with only the eyes at times visible. Italian Glaciologist Emanuele Salvietti had to take snow samples every day one kilometre from the base. As he had to walk (because no vehicle operates at these temperatures), he built a full face mask, with only a pipe to breathe. The slightest mistake would lead to certain injury, as astronomer Agabi Karim explained: "Burns on the cheeks and eyelashes glued to the lens of the telescope," after exposure to the freezing cold.
Second winter-over (DC02 – 2006)
The second winter was conducted from February to November 2006 with a team of ten wintering (six French and four Italian):
Minh Ly Pham Minh: station leader, physician, France
Michele Impara: computer science, Italy
Loïc Le Bechec: chef, France
Lucia Agnoletto: seismologist, Italy
Eric Aristidi: astronomer, France
Omar Cerri: glaciologist, Italy
Shaun Deshommes: technical chief, France
Elyseo D'Eramo: mechanic, Italy
José Dos Santos: electrician, France
Miguel Ravoux: plumber, France
The record temperature for this winter was measured at −80°C on 5 September 2006 at 2:37 ET was renewed several times.
Third winter-over (DC03 – 2007)
The third winter ran from February to November 2007 with a team of wintering composed of fourteen people (eight French and six Italian):
François Jeanneaux: engineer, France
Jean-Pierre Pillisio: plumber, France
Carlos Marsal: chef, France
Maurizio Busetto: climatologist, Italy
Yvan Levy: technical chief, France
Nicolas Le Parc: electrician, France
Christophe Choley: mechanic, France
Federico Miliacca: computer and telecommunications, Italy
Djamel Mékarnia: astronomer, France
Runa Briguglio: astronomer, Italy
Giuseppe Soriani: surgeon, Italy
Pietro di Felice: station leader, engineer, Italy
Benedict Cuisset: technical, France
Alessandro Iacomino: glaciologist, Italy
The average temperature was −65°C and the minimum temperature recorded was −81.9°C reached on September 5.
Fourth winter-over (DC04 – 2008)
The fourth winter took place from 31 January 2008 to 8 November 2008 with a team consisting of thirteen winter-overs (seven French and six Italian):
Erick Bondoux: astronomer, France
Laurent Bonnardot: biomedical, France
Zalpha Challita: astronomer, France
Giorgio Deidda: chef, Italy
Sébastien Denamur: mechanic, France
Laurent Fromont: electrician, France
Daniele Frosini: glaciologist, Italy
Patrick LeRoy: technical chief, France
Fabrizio Martinet: plumber, Italy
Roberto Rainis: doctor, Italy
Lucia Sabbatini: astrophysicist, Italy
Riccardo Schioppo: climatologist, Italy
Jean-François Vanacker: station leader, radio, France
Fifth winter-over (DC05 – 2009)
The fifth wintering took place from February 2009 to November 2009 with a team of twelve people (eight French, three Italian and one British):
Massimiliano Faiella: technical chief, Italy
Domenico Fasano: chef, Italy
William Frinot: plumber, France
Laura Genoni: glaciologist, Italy
Caroline Jullian: atmospheric chemistry, France
Alexander Leluc: mechanic, France
Eric Lotz: station leader, physician, France
Denis Petermann: astronomer, France
Cyprien Pouzenc: astronomer, France
Alex Salam: ESA biomedical research, United Kingdom
Eric Tragin: electrician, France
Jonathan Zaccaria: radio, computer, science support, France
Sixth winter-over (DC06 – 2010)
This Wintering took place with a team of thirteen (six French, six Italian and one Czech):
Jean-François Vanacker: station leader, France
Ales Rybka: ESA biomedical research, Czech Republic
Karim Agabi: astronomer, France
Alessandro Bambini: electrician, Italy
Arthur Le Forestier: technical chief, France
Boris Padovan: computer, telecommunications, Italy
Christophe Rouy: mechanic, France
Daniele Karlicek: glaciologist, Italy
Giorgio Deidda: chef, Italy
Jean-Marie Moysan: plumber, France
Lorenzo Moggio: atmospheric chemistry, Italy
Rosa Forgittoni: doctor, Italy
Sylvain Lafont: glaciologist, France
Seventh winter-over (DC07 – 2011)
The seventh wintering took place with a team of 14 people (seven French, six Italian and one British):
Andrea Cesana: station leader, doctor, Italy
Eoin MacDonald: ESA biomedical research, United Kingdom
Djamel Mekarnia: astronomer, France
Eric Aristidi: astronomer, France
Alessandro Giusto: electrician, Italy
Sergeant Frederic: technical chief, France
Paolo Perfetti: computer, telecommunications, Italy
David Colin: mechanic, France
Domenico Romano: astronomer, glaciologist, Italy
Andrea Ballarini: chef, Italy
Vivien Koutcheroff: plumber, France
Ilann Bourgeois: atmospheric chemistry, glaciologist, France
Pascal Robert: technician seismology, magnetism, France
Angelo Galeandro: meteorologist, Italy
Eighth winter-over (DC08 – 2012)
The eighth wintering took place with a team of 13 people (seven French, four Italian, one Russian and one British):
Erick Bondoux: station leader, electronic technician for science, France
Alexander Kumar: Station physician and ESA biomedical research MD, United Kingdom
Olivier Haye: Technical Chief, plumbing and heating, France
Cecile Lenormant: Chemist, France
Igor Petenko: Atmospheric science and climate, Russia
Xavier Joffrin: Astronomy, France.
During the 2014 Antarctic winter Concordia was an active amateur radio station: Paride Legovini operated from there on a weekly basis with call sign IA/IZ3SUS.[19] The HF radio equipment consists in a Rohde & Schwarz XK2100L transceiver with a 150W RF output and a delta loop antenna located a few hundreds of meters away from the station.[20]
The analemma (path that the sun follows in the sky if photographed at precisely the same time every week through the course of a year) was imaged for the first time ever in Antarctica by Adrianos Golemis during the 10th winterover mission at Concordia Station (2013–2014). The resulting composite exposure image was selected as NASA Astronomy Picture of the Day (APOD) on 23 September 2015.
Eleventh winter-over (DC11 – 2015)
The eleventh wintering is taking place from February 2015 to November 2015 with a team of 13 people (six French, five Italian, one British and one Swiss):[21]
Mario Salza: Station Leader, Information and Communications Technology (ICT), Italy
Yannick Marin: Technical Manager and Electrical motors, France
Antonietta Roveran: Physician, Italy
Roxanne Jacob: Glaciology and Atmospheric Chemistry, France
Luca Ficara: Chef, Italy
Guillaume Poirot: Mechanic, France
Giampietro Casasanta: Glaciology and Atmospheric Remote Sensing, Italy
Benoit Laurent: Electronics for Science, France
Markus Wildi: Astrophysics, Switzerland
Benoit Joncheray: Plumbing and Heating Engineering Technician, France
Lorenzo Moggio: Atmospheric physics, Italy
Beth Healey: ESA Biomedical Research, United Kingdom
Rémi Puaud: Electrical Engineering Technician, France
Twelfth winter-over (DC12 – 2016)
The twelfth winter began on February 10, 2016, with twelve overwintering (five Italian, six French, one Dutch):
Elvio Lazzarini: Physician, Italy
Alessandro Fausto: Information and Communications Technology (ICT), Italy
Luciano Milano: Electronics for Science, Italy
Vitale Stanzione: Station Leader, Glaciology, Italy
Bertrand Bonnefoy: Chef, France
Floris van den Berg: ESA Biomedical Research MD, the Netherlands
Georges Karakasidis: Electrician, France
Henri van den Hove: Plumbing and Heating Engineering Technician, France
Olivier Leloir: Technical Chief, France
Gaetan Quere: Mechanic, France
Simonetta Montaguti: Atmospheric Science and Climate, Italy
Nicole Hueber: Glaciology and Atmospheric Chemistry, France
Thirteenth winter-over (DC13 – 2017)
The thirteenth winter began on February 9, 2017, with thirteen overwintering (five French, seven Italian, one Belgian Canadian):
Simone Chicarella: Electronics for Science, Station Leader, Italy
Andrea Tosti: Information and Communications Technology (ICT). Italy
Didier L'Hôte: Technical Chief, France
Aldo Clemenza: Medical Doctor, Italy
Simone Marcolin: Chef, Italy
Laura Caiazzo: Glaciology and Atmospheric Chemistry, Italy
Sébastien Jullien-Palletier: Electrician, France
Yuri de Prà: Astronomy, Italy
Carole Dangoisse: ESA Biomedical Research MD, Belgium Canada
Alexis Robin: Plumbing and Heating Engineering Technician, France
Pol Monfort: Mechanic, France
Alfonso Ferrone: Atmospheric Science and Climate, Italy
Paul Serre: Chemistry, France
Fourteenth winter-over (DC14 – 2018)
The fourteenth winter began on February 6, 2018, with thirteen overwintering (five French, seven Italian, one Austrian):
Moreno Baricevic: Electronics for Science, Italy
Remi Bras: Electrician, France
Coline Bouchayeur: Glaciology and Atmospheric Chemistry, France
Andre Bourre: Technical Chief, France
Marco Buttu: Astronomy, Italy
Filippo Cali' Quaglia: Atmospheric Science and Climate, Italy
Florentin Camus: Plumbing and Heating Engineering Technician, France
Mario Giorgioni: Information and Communications Technology (ICT), Italy
Carmen Possnig: ESA Biomedical Research MD, Austria
Jacques Rattel: Mechanic, France
Alberto Razeto: Medical Doctor, Italy
Marco Smerilli: Chef, Italy
Cyprien Verseux: Glaciology and Atmospheric Chemistry, Station Leader, France Italy
Fifteenth winter-over (DC15 – 2019)
The fifteenth winter began on February 13, 2019, with thirteen overwintering (five French, six Italian, one Danish and one Australian):
Nadja Albertsen: ESA Biomedical Research MD, Denmark
Damien Beloin: Mechanic, France
Ivan Bruni: Astronomy, Italy
Massimiliano Catricalà: Electronics for Science, Station Leader, Italy
Giuditta Celli: Glaciology and Atmospheric Chemistry, Italy
Meganne Louise Christian: Atmospheric Science and Climate, Australia Italy
Gianluca Ghiselli: Medical Doctor, Italy
Daniele Giambruno: Chef, Italy
Thibault Gillet: Electrician, France
Bertrand Laine: Technical Chief, France
Julien Le Goff: Plumbing and Heating Engineering Technician, France
Alessandro Mancini: Information and Communications Technology (ICT), Italy
Julien Moyé: Glaciology and Atmospheric Chemistry, France
Sixteenth winter-over (DC16 – 2020)
The sixteenth winter began on February 7, 2020, with twelve overwintering (seven French, four Italian, one Dutch):
Camille Bréant: Glaciology and Atmospheric Chemistry, France
Elisa Calmon: Chef, France
Andrea Ceinini: Mechanic, Italy
Loredana Faraldi: Medical Doctor, Italy
Sylvain Guesnier: Chief of the power plant, France
Luca Ianniello: Information and Communications Technology (ICT), Italy
Vivien Koutcheroff: Plumbing and Technical Chief, France
Wenceslas Marie Sainte: Electronics for Science, France
Inès Ollivier: Glaciology and Atmospheric Chemistry, France
Bastien Prat: Electrician, France
Alberto Salvati: Atmospheric Science and Climate, Station Leader, Italy
Stijn Thoolen: ESA Biomedical Research MD, Netherlands
Seventeenth winter-over (DC17 – 2021)
The seventeenth winter began on January 31, 2021, with twelve overwintering (five French, six Italian, one British):
Cédric Albert: Electrician, France
Dennis Appere: Glaciology and Atmospheric Chemistry, France
Fabio Borgognoni: Glaciology and Atmospheric Chemistry, Italy
Marco Buttu: Electronics for Science, Italy
Rodolfo Canestrari: Atmospheric Science and Climate, Station Leader, Italy
Giuseppina Canestrelli: Medical Doctor, Italy
Charles Delgrange: Mechanic, France
Simone Marcolin: Chef, Italy
Quentin Perret: Boilermaker, Welder and Multipurpose Technician, France
Jean-François Roques: Technical Chief, France
Nicholas Smith: ESA Biomedical Research MD, United Kingdom
David Tosolini: Information and Communications Technology (ICT), Italy
Eighteenth winter-over (DC18 – 2022)
The eighteenth winter began on 7 February 2022, with thirteen overwintering (six French, six Italian and one Swedish):[22]
Massimiliano Catricalà: Station Leader, Electronics for Science, Italy
Fabien Farge: Medical Doctor, France
Angelo Galeandro: Atmospheric Science and Climate, Italy
Thomas Gasparetto: Astronomy, Italy
Nicolas Girard: Electrician, France
Stanislas Grabowski: Boilermaker, Welder and Multipurpose Technician, France
Hannes Hagson: ESA Biomedical Research MD, Sweden
Alessia Nicosia: Glagiology, Italy
Thomas Antonio Massimo Pagano: Information and Communications Technology (ICT), Italy
Frederic Sergent: Technical Chief, France
Marco Smerilli: Chef, Italy
Pierre Supiot: Mechanic, France
Julien Witwicky: Glaciology and Atmospheric Chemistry, France
Abdelkrim Agabi; Eric Aristidi; Max Azouit; Eric Fossat; Francois Martin; Tatiana Sadibekova; Jean Vernin; Aziz Ziad (2006). "First whole atmosphere night-time seeing measurements at Dome C, Antarctica". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 118 (840): 344–348. arXiv:astro-ph/0510418. Bibcode:2006PASP..118..344A. doi:10.1086/498728. S2CID15833099.
{Vernin, J., Chadid, M., Aristidi, E.,
Trinquet, H. and van der Swaelmen, M.},
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journal = {AP},
keywords = {atmospheric effects, site testing, turbulence, instrumentation: detectors, methods: data analysis, methods: observational},
year = 2009,
month = jun,
volume = 500,
pages = {1271-1276},
doi = {10.1051/0004-6361/200811119},
adsurl = {http://cdsads.u-strasbg.fr/abs/2009A%26A...500.1271V},
adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}
{Giordano, C., Vernin, J., Chadid, M. and Aristidi, E. and Trinquet, H.},
title = "{Dome C Site Characterization in 2006 with Single-Star SCIDAR}",
journal = {PASP},
year = 2012,
month = may,
volume = 124,
pages = {494-506},
doi = {10.1086/665667},
adsurl = {http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PASP..124..494G},
adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}
{Chadid, M., Vernin, Chapellier, E.,
Trinquet, H. and Bono, G.},
title = "{First Antarctica light curve. PAIX monitoring of the Blazhko RR Lyrae star: S Arae}",
journal = {AP},
keywords = {techniques: spectroscopic, methods: data analysis, techniques: photometric, shock waves, stars: variables: RR Lyrae, stars: atmospheres},
year = 2010,
month = jun,
volume = 516,
eid = {L15},
pages = {L15},
doi = {10.1051/0004-6361/201014857},
adsurl = {http://cdsads.u-strasbg.fr/abs/2010A%26A...516L..15C},
adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}
{Chadid, M., Vernin, J., Preston, G., Zalian, C.,
Pouzenc, C., Abe, L., A., Aristidi, E.,
Liu, L.~Y. and Trinquet, H.},
title = "{First Detection of Multi-shocks in RR Lyrae Stars from Antarctica: A Possible Explanation of the Blazhko Effect}",
journal = {Astronomical Journal},
keywords = {hydrodynamics, methods: observational, stars: atmospheres, stars: oscillations, stars: variables: general, techniques: photometric},
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month = nov,
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pages = {88},
doi = {10.1088/0004-6256/148/5/88},
adsurl = {http://cdsads.u-strasbg.fr/abs/2014AJ....148...88C},
adsnote = {Provided by the SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System}
}
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