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The Justice Prisoner and Alien Transportation System (JPATS), nicknamed "Con Air",[1] is an agency of the federal government of the United States charged with the transportation of persons in legal custody among prisons, detention centers, courthouses, and other locations. It is the largest prison transport network in the world.[2] Though primarily used by the Federal Bureau of Prisons or U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, JPATS also assists military and state law enforcement.

Justice Prisoner and Alien Transportation System
IATA ICAO Callsign
- DOJ JUSTICE
Founded1995
Parent companyU.S. Marshals Service
Websitewww.usmarshals.gov/jpats/
A U.S. Marshal on a Con Air flight.
A U.S. Marshal on a "Con Air" flight.
Patch of JPATS, Air Operations Division, Air Crew.
Patch of JPATS, Air Operations Division, Air Crew.

The agency is managed by the United States Marshals Service out of the JPATS headquarters in Kansas City, Missouri.[2] JPATS was formed in 1995 from the merger of the Marshals Service air fleet with that of the Immigration and Naturalization Service. JPATS completes more than 260,000 prisoner/alien movements per year.[3] Air fleet operations are located in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, with hubs in Las Vegas, Nevada; Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Additionally, the Federal Transfer Center at Oklahoma City's Will Rogers World Airport was built especially to facilitate prisoner transport on JPATS.

Usually, the airline employs Boeing 737-400 aircraft to transport convicts and illegal residents of the United States for extradition. Smaller jets and turboprops are also used to transport individual prisoners who are considered particularly dangerous or notorious, as well as individuals in the witness protection program.

According to the Boeing Jetliner Databook, JPATS operates three Boeing 737s. JPATS also operates an additional Saab 2000 turboprop.[4]

JPATS aircraft use the ICAO designator DOJ with the callsign JUSTICE.

Immediately after the September 11, 2001, attacks, when the Federal Aviation Administration grounded all civilian air service, JPATS was the only civilian passenger-carrying air service allowed to continue flying in U.S. airspace.[citation needed]


History and evolution


On November 1, 1919, San Francisco Police officer (and future barnstormer) Ivan R. Gates became the first to transport a prisoner by air, one James Kelly (convicted for carry concealed weapons), from Alameda to the waiting arms of San Francisco Police Chief D. A. White.[5][6][7]

Prior to the existence of JPATS, the air transport of federal inmates over long distances was complicated. The process required an escort by two U.S. Marshals, accompanying the inmate on a regular passenger airplane. This posed numerous problems, including danger to civilians, a backlog of marshals needed to perform such escorts, and a high taxpayer expense.

On August 20, 1985, the U.S. Marshals were offered a transfer from the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) of a Boeing 727 aircraft.[8] Though no purpose was originally designated for this plane, one official had the idea of using it for the mass transportation of federal inmates. JPATS' predecessor was the National Prisoner Transportation System of the U.S. Marshals Service.[9]

The airline ultimately improved the efficiency of inmate transportation and made the sight of a shackled commercial airline passenger largely a thing of the past. For a plane full of 200 inmates, only 12 marshals are required. Marshals are trained with aircraft emergency procedures very similar to those flight attendants learn to protect the aircraft's occupants.[citation needed]


Today


Prisoners deplaning
Prisoners deplaning

Today's[when?] JPATS fleet has expanded to three full-sized aircraft.[2][10] These planes fly a large series of routes that serve nearly every major U.S. city.[3]

The flight schedules are kept secret from the public, and are known only to those directly involved in its operation. Inmates scheduled to fly are given little or no advance notice of their flight, to deter escapes and sabotage, and to prevent harm from outsiders.[citation needed]

Prisoner in handcuffs augmented with a handcuff cover and belly chains
Prisoner in handcuffs augmented with a handcuff cover and belly chains

Passengers aboard a flight are restrained with handcuffs as well as ankle and waist chains which are double- or even triple-locked. Those who pose additional danger may be forced to wear additional restraints, such as reinforced mittens that completely isolate and almost completely immobilize the hands, handcuff covers which conceal the keyholes, and face masks to prevent biting and spitting. However, due to FAA regulations inmates are not physically restrained to their seats in any way except for seat belts used during takeoff and landing.[citation needed]

Flight and seating arrangements are made carefully with the intent to separate inmates who may conflict with one another. Members of rival prison gangs may be transported on different days to help reduce the risk of an in-flight incident.[citation needed]

Unlike the practice of most jails, male and female inmates fly together on the same planes.[11]


Fleet


As of July 2019, the JPATS fleet consists of the following aircraft:[12]

Justice Prisoner and Alien Transportation System fleet
Aircraft In service Orders Passengers Notes
Boeing 737-400 3[12] 126[12]
Saab 2000 1[12][4] 45[12]
Total 4 0

Fleet development


As of July 2019, JPATS were considering purchasing an additional Boeing 737 to aid its detainee and prisoner transport efforts.[12]




Notes


  1. "Con Air: America's High-Flying Paddy Wagon". Usmarshals.gov. 2004-06-03. Archived from the original on 2012-02-07. Retrieved 2012-03-07.
  2. Graves, Lucas (June 2010), "Relocating Prisoners", Wired, vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 148–149
  3. Service (USMS), U. S. Marshals. "U.S. Marshals Service". www.usmarshals.gov.
  4. "FAA Registry - Aircraft - N-Number Inquiry". registry.faa.gov.
  5. "Odd Items From Everywhere". The Boston Globe. November 11, 1919. p. 16 via Newspapers.com.
  6. "The Black Maria has a Rival in the Airplane". The Atlanta Constitution. December 11, 1919 via Newspaper.com. Ivan R. Gates, San Francisco's first aero policeman ... delivering his prisoner, James Kelly, to Chief of Police D. A. White ...
  7. "Here's Your Prisoner, Chief-By Air". San Francisco Examiner. November 2, 1919. p. 11 via Newspapers.com.
  8. "History - National Prisoner Transportation System".
  9. "U.S. Marshals Service, History, National Prisoner Transportation System". Usmarshals.gov. 1985-08-20. Retrieved 2012-03-07.
  10. "AAR to Maintain Aircraft for U.S. Marshals Service". MRO Network. 2018-12-04. Retrieved 2019-11-14.
  11. Kerman, Piper (2010). Orange is the New Black, My Time in a Women's Prison (2013 ed.). London: Abacus. p. 193. ISBN 978-0-3491-3987-6.
  12. "Audit of the United States Marshals Service's Justice Prisoner and Alien Transportation System" (PDF). Office of the Inspector General. Retrieved 3 August 2021.
  13. "The Dentist" via www.imdb.com.

References





На других языках


[de] Justice Prisoner and Alien Transportation System

Das 1995 gegründete Justice Prisoner and Alien Transportation System (JPATS, umgangssprachlich Con Air[1]) ist eine US-amerikanische Einrichtung des United States Marshals Service. Ihre Aufgabe ist der Gefangenentransport von sog. Bundesgefangenen (Federal Inmates) und anderen, wofür eine exklusive regierungseigene „Fluggesellschaft“ unterhalten wird. Das JPATS ging aus dem National Prisoner Transportation System des U.S. Marshals Service hervor.[2]
- [en] Justice Prisoner and Alien Transportation System

[fr] Justice prisoner and alien transportation system

La justice prisoner and alien transportation system (abrégé en JPATS), surnommée « con air », est une compagnie aérienne du gouvernement fédéral des États-Unis chargée de transporter des détenus d'une prison à l'autre en 1995.

[it] Justice Prisoner and Alien Transportation System

Il Justice Prisoner and Alien Transportation System (JPATS), soprannominata "Con Air"[1], o ICE Air[2], è un'agenzia del governo federale degli Stati Uniti incaricata del trasporto di persone in custodia legale tra le carceri, detenzione centri, tribunali e altri luoghi.[3] È la più grande rete di trasporto carcerario del mondo. Sebbene utilizzata principalmente dal Federal Bureau of Prisons o dallo United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement, il JPATS assiste anche le forze di polizia e quelle militari.



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