The 3"/50 caliber gun (spoken "three-inch fifty-caliber") in United States naval gun terminology indicates the gun fired a projectile 3 inches (76mm) in diameter, and the barrel was 50 calibers long (barrel length is 3in × 50 = 150in or 3.8m). Different guns (identified by Mark numbers) of this caliber were used by the U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard from 1890 through the 1990s on a variety of combatant and transport ship classes.[3]
Naval gun
3-inch/50 caliber gun (Mk 22)
Mark 22 3"/50 cal gun
Type
Naval gun
Placeoforigin
United States
Service history
Inservice
1890-1994 (US Navy)
Usedby
US Navy
Production history
Designed
Mark 2: 1898
Mark 22: 1944
Produced
1900 –
Variants
Marks 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 10, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, and 22
Mark 22: 45 – 50 rounds per minute with autoloader[2]
Muzzlevelocity
2,700ft/s (820m/s)
Maximumfiringrange
14,600yd (13,400m) at 43° elevation
30,400ft (9,300m) AA ceiling
Sights
Peep-site and Optical telescope
The gun is still in use with the Spanish Navy on Serviola-class patrol boats.
Early low-angle guns
An early 3"/50 on USSRambler(SP-211), 1918.USSPivot firing its forward 3"/50 caliber gun.
The US Navy's first 3"/50 caliber gun (Mark 2) was an early model with a projectile velocity of 2,100 feet (640m) per second. Low-angle (single-purpose/non-anti-aircraft) mountings for this gun had a range of 7000 yards at the maximum elevation of 15 degrees. The gun entered service around 1900 with the Bainbridge-classdestroyers, and was also fitted to Connecticut-classbattleships. By World War II these guns were found only on a few Coast Guard cutters and Defensively Equipped Merchant Ships.[4]
Low-angle 3"/50 caliber guns (Marks 3, 5, 6, and 19) were originally mounted on ships built from the early 1900s through the early 1920s and were carried by submarines, auxiliaries, and merchant ships during the Second World War. These guns fired the same 2,700-foot-per-second (820m/s) ammunition used by the following dual-purpose Marks, but with range limited by the maximum elevation of the mounting. These were built-up guns with a tube, partial-length jacket, hoop and vertical sliding breech block.[4]
Dual-purpose guns of the World Wars
3"/50 caliber gun aboard USSSlater
Dual-purpose 3"/50 caliber guns (Marks 10, 17, 18, and 20) first entered service in 1915 as a refit to USSTexas(BB-35), and were subsequently mounted on many types of ships as the need for anti-aircraft protection was recognized. During World War II, they were the primary gun armament on destroyer escorts, patrol frigates, submarine chasers, minesweepers, some fleet submarines, and other auxiliary vessels, and were used as a secondary dual-purpose battery on some other types of ships, including some older battleships. They also replaced the original low-angle 4"/50 caliber guns (Mark 9) on "flush-deck" Wickes and Clemson-classdestroyers to provide better anti-aircraft protection. The gun was also used on specialist destroyer conversions; the "AVD" seaplane tender conversions received two guns; the "APD" high-speed transports, "DM" minelayers, and "DMS" minesweeper conversions received three guns, and those retaining destroyer classification received six.[5]
These dual-purpose guns were "quick-firing", meaning that they used fixed ammunition, with powder case and projectile permanently attached, and handled as a single unit weighing 34 pounds (as opposed to older guns and/or heavier guns, in which the shell and powder are handled and loaded separately, which reduces the weight of each handled component, but slows the loading process). The shells alone weighed about 13 pounds including an explosive bursting charge of 0.81 pounds for anti-aircraft (AA) rounds or 1.27 pounds for High Capacity (HC) rounds, the remainder of the weight being the steel casing. Maximum range was 14,600 yards at 45 degrees elevation and ceiling was 29,800 feet (9,100m) at 85 degrees elevation. Useful life expectancy was 4300 effective full charges (EFC) per barrel.[6]
This is not to be confused with the "rapid-fire" of later gun mounts that used an autoloader mechanism to insert the fixed QF ammunition into the breech. This in turn is not to be confused to a fully automatic gun. The autoloader was still manually filled with shells.
Submarine deck guns
The 3"/50 caliber gun Marks 17 and 18 was first used as a submarine deck gun on R-class submarines launched in 1918–1919. At the time it was an improvement on the earlier 3"/23 caliber gun.[7] After using larger guns on many other submarines, the 3"/50 caliber gun Mark 21 was specified as the standard deck gun on the Porpoise- through Gato-classsubmarines launched in 1935–1942. The small gun was chosen to remove the temptation to engage enemy escort vessels on the surface.[8] The gun was initially mounted aft of the conning tower to reduce submerged drag, but early in World War II it was shifted to a forward position at the commanding officer's option. Wartime experience showed that larger guns were needed. This need was initially met by transferring 4"/50 caliber guns from S-class submarines as they were shifted from combat to training roles beginning in late 1942. Later, the 5"/25 caliber gun, initially removed from battleships sunk or damaged in the attack on Pearl Harbor and later manufactured in a submarine version, became standard.[9]
Cold War anti-aircraft gun
3"/50 Mk. 22 in Mk. 22 mounting in Aalborg Maritime Museum.
During the final year of the Second World War, it was found that multiple hits from Oerlikon 20 mm cannon and Bofors 40 mm guns were often unable to shoot down high-speed Japanese kamikaze aircraft at short ranges before they hit Allied ships; the 3"/50 caliber gun was adopted as a more powerful replacement for these weapons.
The 3"/50 caliber gun (Mark 22) was a semiautomatic anti-aircraft weapon with a power-driven automatic loader and was fitted as single and twin mounts. The single mount was to be exchanged for a twin 40 mm antiaircraft gun mount, and the twin 3”/50 for a quadruple 40mm mount, on Essex-classaircraft carriers, and Allen M. Sumner and Gearing-classdestroyers. Although intended as a one-for-one replacement for the 40mm mounts, the new 3-inch (76mm) mounts were heavier than expected, and on most ships, the mounts could only replace Bofors guns on a two-for-three basis. The mounts were of the dual purpose, open-base-ring type and the right and left gun assemblies were identical. The mounts used a common power drive that could train at a rate of 30 degrees/second and elevate from 15 degrees to 85 degrees at a rate of 24 degrees/second. The cannon was fed automatically from an on-mount magazine which was replenished by two loaders on each side of the cannon.[10]
With proximity fuze and fire-control radar, a twin 3"/50 mount firing 50 rounds per minute per barrel was considered more effective than a quad Bofors 40 mm gun against subsonic aircraft,[11] but relatively ineffective against supersonic jets and cruise missiles. Destroyers that were modernized during the Fleet Rehabilitation and Modernization (FRAM) program of the 1960s had their 3-inch (76mm) guns removed. Experimentation with an extended range variant (3"/70 Mark 26 gun) was abandoned as shipboard surface-to-air missiles were developed. The United States Navy considered contemporary 5"/38 caliber guns and 5"/54 caliber Mark 42 guns more effective against surface targets. In 1992, the 3"/50 caliber main battery on USCGCStoris was removed and was supposedly the last 3"/50 caliber gun in service aboard any US warship although US Navy Charleston-classamphibious cargo ships retained their forward mounts until USSEl Paso(LKA-117) was decommissioned in 1994.[citation needed] The gun is still in service on warships of the Philippine Navy.
The 17 Asheville-classgunboats mounted a single 3"/50 Mk 34 as their primary armament.
The 3-inch/50 was standard-issue on at least 63 classes of ships that have a strong association with World War II.
The total number of vessels amounts to
10 light cruisers
119 submarines (est. maximum 119 installed)
498 destroyer escorts and frigates (1494 installed, 111 removed)
1110 patrol boats, mine sweepers and submarine chasers (1110 up to 1453 installed)
Submarines listed here were built in the 1930s under the limitations of the Washington Naval Treaty and its successors during a period of isolationism and economic austerity. The division into classes was typically a result of construction during a particular fiscal year, but the number built each year was small.
The Gatos became a mass produced iteration of this line of research and development, because they coincided with the Two-Ocean Navy Act.
Starting with the Balao class of submarines, the 5-inch/25-caliber gun became the standard deck gun of the US Navy
2 Cachalot (FY33)
10 Porpoise (FY34, FY35)
6 Salmon (FY36)
10 Sargo (FY37, FY38)
12 Tambor (FY39, FY40)
2 Mackerel (FY40)
77 Gato (FY41)
Destroyer escorts were a relative late-comer with production commencing in 1942
Thus they were all mass produced. They were quick to build and entered service in 1943.
Later war-time classes had a main armament of two 5-inch/38, APD conversions had one such gun. Separation into classes is a result of different propulsion systems used and whether or not torpedoes were carried.
3 guns per vessel
probably all manually loaded Mark 21 or Mark 22
65 Evarts (diesel-electric, short hull, no torpedoes)
102 Buckley (turbo-electric, 3 torpedoes)
37 converted to APDs after commissioning, all 3-inch guns removed
72 Cannon (diesel-electric, 3 torpedoes)
85 Edsall (geared diesel, 3 torpedoes)
78 Captain-classfrigates
32 of 97 Evarts and 46 of 148 Buckley converted before commissioning, all 3-inch guns retained
75 Tacoma-classfrigates (3 guns per ship)
essentially a destroyer escort with a merchant hull)
21 Colony-classfrigates (3 guns per ship)
21 of 96 Tacoma in Royal Navy service
Converted destroyers of the WW1-era Wickes and Clemson classes were equipped with 3-inch/50 guns while being converted to high speed transports (3 guns), minelayers (3), minesweepers (3) or seaplane tenders (2).
Patrol boats of less than 1000 tons, some of which were wooden boats. These minesweepers were equipped with anti-submarine warfare equipment and their designs are closely related to the submarine chasers. Submarine chasers can be characterized as smaller, cheaper, coastal waters destroyer escorts. All ships in this group used diesel propulsion.
2 Raven-classminesweepers (1 per boat)
343 PC-461-classsubmarine chasers (1 or 2 per boat)
123 Admirable-classminesweepers (1 per boat)
68 PCE-842-classpatrol crafts (1 per boat
95 Auk-classminesweepers (1 per boat)
481 YMS-1-class yard minesweepers (1 per boat)
Amphibious Assault Ships
130 Landing Craft Support (1 per vessel)
Attack transports
Based on pre-war cargo ships
8 Harris-class (4 per ship)
2 McCawley-class (4 per ship)
5 Heywood-class (4 per ship)
John Penn(APA-23) (4)
Edward Rutledge(APA-24) (1)
Type C3 ship
7 President Jackson-class (4 per ship)
3 Arthur Middleton-class (4 per ship)
2 Frederick Funston-class (2 per ship)
Type P1 ship
2 Doyen-class (4 per ship)
Auxiliary vessels, typically made of a cargo or tanker hull
T1 tanker
23 Patapsco-classgasoline tankers (4 per ship)
34 Mettawee-classgasoline tankers (1 per ship)
T2 tanker
16 (geared turbine) Kennebec-classoilers (4 per ship)
14 (turbo-electric) Suamico-classoilers (4 per ship)
12 (turbo-electric) Escambia-classoilers (4 per ship)
T3 tanker
5 Chiwawa-classoilers (4 per ship)
23 of 35 Cimarron-classoilers (4 per ship)
C1 Cargo
63 Alamosa-classcargo ships (C1-M-AV1) (1 per ship)
C2 Cargo
7 La Salle-classtransports (C2-S-B1) (4 per ship)
2 Storm King-classtransports (C2-S-AJ1) (4 per ship)
8 Mount Hood-classammunition ships (C2-S-AJ1) (4 per ship)
7 Lassen-classammunition ships (4 per ship)
C3 Cargo
4 Aegir-classsubmarine tenders (4 per ship)
Liberty Ships
18 Armadillo-classtankers (Z-ET1-S-C3) (1 per ship)
48 of 65 Crater-classcargo ships (EC2-S-C1) (1 per ship)
16 Guardian-classradar picket ships (Z-EC2-S-C5) (2 per ship)
11 Acubens-classstores ships (EC2-S-C1) (1 per ship)
40 Ailanthus-classnet laying ships (1 per ship)
15 Cohoes-classnet laying ships (1 per ship)
32 Aloe-classnet laying ships (1 per ship)
10 Portunus-classmotor boat tenders (1 per ship)
12 Aristaeus-classrepair ships (1 per ship)
49 Sotoyomo-classtugboats (1 per boat)
29 Cherokee-class fleet tugs (1 per boat)
27 Abnaki-class fleet tugs (1 per boat)
17 Adria-classstores ships (1 per ship)
6 Mizar-classstores ships (3 or 4 per ship)
9 Chanticleer-classsubmarine rescue ships (2 per ship)
3 Penguin-classsubmarine rescue ships (1 per ship)
2 Pigeon-classsubmarine rescue ships (2 per ship)
4 Anchor-classrescue and salvage ships (1 per ship)
13 Cactus-classbuoy tenders (1 per ship)
6 Mesquite-classbuoy tenders (1 per ship)
20 Iris-classbuoy tenders (1 per ship)
Others
Omaha-classcruisers (8 per ship, upgraded from 2)
the only vessels in the World War II category that had any armor.
Treasury-classcutters
Post–World War II
Individual ships:
USSBainbridge(CGN-25) – built with 2 twin mounts[12]
HMCSBonaventure(CVL 22) – built with 4 twin mounts, reduced to 2 during 1967 refit (Canada)
Kilauea-classammunition ships – built with 4 twin mounts[30]
Leahy-classcruisers – built with 2 twin mounts[12]
Mackenzie-classdestroyers – built with one Mark 33 twin mount aft except HMCSQu'Appelle, which received two Mark 33 twin mounts (one forward, one aft) (Canada)
Mars-classcombat stores ships – built with 4 twin mounts[28]
Neosho-classfleet replenishment oilers – built with 4 or 6 twin mounts[28]
Newport-classtank landing ships – built with 2 twin mounts[31]
Raleigh-classamphibious transport docks – built with 4 twin mounts[32]
Restigouche-classdestroyers – built with one Mark 33 twin mount aft, those refitted to the Improved Restigouche configuration had them removed (Canada)
Rigel-classstores ships – built with 2 twin mounts[24]
Sacramento-classfast combat support ships – built with 4 twin mounts[33]
Simon Lake-classsubmarine tenders – built with 2 twin mounts[34]
St. Laurent-classdestroyers – built originally with 2 Mark 33 twin mounts, later had one mount removed (Canada)
Suribachi-classammunition ships – built with 2 twin mounts[30]
Terrebonne Parish-classtank landing ships – built with 3 twin mounts[22]
Thomaston-classdock landing ships – built with 6 twin mounts[15]
Wichita-classreplenishment oilers – built with 4 twin mounts[35]
Worcester-classcruisers – built with 2 single and 11 twin mounts[36]
Gallery
Single Mark 22 aboard Atalaya
Twin Mark 33 aboard USS Austin
Enclosed twin Mark 33 aboard USS Bronstein
See also
World War Iportal
World War IIportal
Deck gun
Notes
All of the Juneau-classcruisers were planned for refit, but only Juneau was converted.[13]
The Farragut class is sometimes referred to as Coontz-class, because the fourth ship of the class—USS Coontz, designed ordered as a guided missile destroyer variant—was completed first.
Friedman, Norman (1983). U.S. Aircraft Carriers: An Illustrated Design History. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-739-9.
Friedman, Norman (1984). U.S. Cruisers: An Illustrated Design History. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN0-87021-718-6.
Friedman, Norman (1995). U.S. Submarines Through 1945: An Illustrated Design History. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN1-55750-263-3.
Gardiner, Robert; Gray, Randal (1985). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships, 1906-1921. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN0-85177-245-5.
Grulich, Fred (2004). "Question 37/00: Effectiveness of Shipboard Anti-Aircraft Fire". Warship International. Vol.XLI, no.1. International Naval Research Organization. pp.31–33. ISSN0043-0374.
Silverstone, Paul H. (1968). U.S. Warships of World War II. Doubleday and Company.
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