The Nieuport 10 (or Nieuport XB in contemporary sources) was a French First World War sesquiplane that filled a wide variety of roles, including reconnaissance, fighter and trainer.
In January 1914, designer Gustave Delage joined the Société Anonyme des Etablissements Nieuport, and started working on a series of aircraft that would remain in production for the remainder of the First World War. The Nieuport 10 was the first of these and was originally designed to compete in the Gordon Bennett Trophy race of 1914. World War I caused this contest to be cancelled, and the type was developed as a military two-seat reconnaissance aircraft that entered service in 1915.
The type featured a distinctive "V" strut layout. The lower wing was much smaller in area than the upper wing. The concept was intended to combine the strength, compactness and stability of the biplane's wire braced wing cell with the speed and ease of handling of the monoplane.[1]
Many were built or converted as single-seat fighters by covering the front cockpit, and adding a Lewis Gun or Vickers machine gun either to fire through the center section of the top wing or mounted over it, firing forwards. In this form, the type was used as a fighter.
Two major types were developed from the Nieuport 10 - the Nieuport 11Bébé - a smaller aircraft, designed from the outset as a single-seater, and the Nieuport 12 - a more powerful two-seater with a larger top wing. In addition, production was undertaken of a dedicated trainer version under the Nieuport 83 E.2 designation with detail changes. A single example of a triplane, using a Nieuport 10 airframe was built to test an unusual staggered wing concept.
Operational use
Many of the early French aces flew the Nieuport 10, the best known of which was Georges Guynemer, who used several Nieuport 10s, all marked "Vieux Charles". Jan Olieslagers was flying a Nieuport 10 when he became the first Belgian to shoot down another aircraft, while the first Canadian aerial victory was also scored in a Nieuport 10, by Flight Sub-Lieutenant Arthur Ince.
Variants
Early French Nieuport X.B reconnaissance aircraft
Nieuport 10 triplane
American Nieuport 83 E.2 trainer
Nieuport-Macchi Ni.10 at the Museo nazionale della scienza e della tecnologia Leonardo da Vinci in Milan.
Nieuport X.B
Early designation distinguishing it from the earlier unrelated Nieuport X monoplane.
Nieuport X.AV
Company designation with the observer/gunner seated in the front and the pilot in the rear.[2]
Nieuport X.AR
Company designation with the pilot seated in the front and the observer/gunner in the rear.[2]
Nieuport 10 A.2
Two-seat reconnaissance (Artillerie) aircraft, same as Nieuport X.AR.
Nieuport 10 C.1
Single-seat fighter variant. Inspired development of Nieuport 11 C.1.
British Royal Naval Air Service Nieuport 10 showing the original small tailplane and cutout in the top wing for the gunner.
Siam
Royal Siamese Aeronautical Service
Ukrainian People's Republic
Ukrainian People's Army (One aircraft only)
United Kingdom
Royal Naval Air Service - early user. Note that the Royal Flying Corps did not use the Nieuport 10.
United States
United States Air Service of the American Expeditionary Force - used as trainers only
Soviet Union
Workers' and Peasants' Air Fleet (ex-Russian examples)
Survivors
Two Nieuport-Macchi 10,000's survive and are on display in Italy, one at the Museo Storico Italiano della Guerra and one at the Museo della Scienza e della Tecnologia "Leonardo da Vinci", and an original Nieuport 83 E.2 that had been flown by Charles Nungesser while barnstorming in the United States shortly after the First World War, is at Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome on static display.
Specifications (Nieuport-Macchi 10)
Drawing of definitive Nieuport 10 C.1 fighter
Data from Nieuport Macchi 11 & 17[7] and French Aircraft of the First World War[8]
Cooksley, Peter (1997). Nieuport Fighters In Action. In Action Aircraft Number 167. Carrollton, TX: Squadron/Signal Publications. ISBN978-0897473774.
Davilla, Dr. James J.; Soltan, Arthur (1997). French Aircraft of the First World War. Mountain View, CA: Flying Machines Press. ISBN978-1891268090.
Durkota, Alan; Darcey, Thomas; Kulikov, Victor (1995). The Imperial Russian Air Service — Famous Pilots and Aircraft of World War I. Mountain View, CA: Flying Machines Press. ISBN0-9637110-2-4.
Janić, Č; Petrović, O (2011). Short History of Aviation in Serbia. Beograd: Aerokomunikacije. ISBN978-8691397326.
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