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The Paris Convention of 1919 (formally, the Convention Relating to the Regulation of Aerial Navigation) was the first international convention to address the political difficulties and intricacies involved in international aerial navigation. The convention was concluded under the auspices of the International Commission for Air Navigation (forerunner to ICAO). It attempted to reduce the confusing patchwork of ideologies and regulations which differed by country by defining certain guiding principles and provisions, and was signed in Paris on October 13, 1919.
1919 international convention
History
The first passenger-carrying airline flight happened in 1913 with the St. Petersburg-Tampa Airboat Line.[1] Before that time, aircraft had been used to carry mail and other cargo. With the start of World War I in 1914, aircraft were being operated internationally to carry not only cargo, but also as military assets. The international use of aircraft brought up questions about air sovereignty. The arguments over air sovereignty at the time factored into one of two main viewpoints: either no state had a right to claim sovereignty over the airspace overlying its territory, or every state had the right to do so.[2]
The Paris Convention of 1919 sought to determine this question as part of the process of framing the convention's assumptions, and it was decided that each nation has absolute sovereignty over the airspace overlying its territories and waters.
The nations that signed the treaty were: Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, the British Empire, China, Cuba, Ecuador, France, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, the Hejaz, Honduras, Italy, Japan, Liberia, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Roumania, the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Siam, Czechoslovakia, and Uruguay. Ultimately, the convention was ratified by 11 states, including Persia, which had not signed it. The United States never ratified it because of its linkage to the League of Nations.[citation needed] The treaty came into force in 1922.
The Paris Convention was superseded by the Convention on International Civil Aviation (also known as the Chicago Convention).
Principles
The following principles governed the drafting of the convention:[3]
- Each nation has absolute sovereignty over the airspace overlying its territories and waters. A nation, therefore, has the right to deny entry and regulate flights (both foreign and domestic) into and through its airspace.
- Each nation should apply its airspace rules equally to its own and foreign aircraft operating within that airspace, and make rules such that its sovereignty and security are respected while affording as much freedom of passage as possible to its own and other signatories' aircraft.
- Aircraft of contracting states are to be treated equally in the eyes of each nation's law.
- Aircraft must be registered to a state, and they possess the nationality of the state in which they are registered.
Contents
It had 9 chapters, dealing with:[3]
- General Principles
- Nationality of aircraft
- Certificates of airworthiness and competency
- Admission to air navigation above foreign territory
- Rules to be observed on departure when under way and on landing
- Prohibited transport
- State aircraft
- International Commission for air navigation
- Final Provisions
References
External links
Commercial aviation |
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Airlines | |
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Alliances | |
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Trade groups |
- International
- United States
- Europe
- Other regions
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Aircrew | |
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Airliner | |
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Airport | |
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Customs / Immigration |
- Arrival card
- Border control (internal)
- Departure card
- Passport
- Timatic
- Travel document
- Travel visa
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Environmental effects |
- Hypermobility
- Environmental effects of aviation
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Law | |
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Baggage |
- Bag tag
- Baggage allowance
- Baggage carousel
- Baggage cart
- Baggage reclaim
- Baggage handler
- Baggage handling system
- Baggage sizer
- Checked baggage
- Hand luggage
- Lost luggage
- Luggage lock
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Aviation safety |
- Air Navigation and Transport Act
- Air rage
- Air traffic control
- Air traffic service
- Aircraft safety card
- Airport authority
- Airport crash tender
- Airport police
- Airport security
- Airspace class
- Area control center
- Brace position
- Civil aviation authority
- Control area
- Control zone
- Controlled airspace
- Evacuation slide
- Flight information region
- Flight information service
- Flight recorder
- Instrument flight rules
- Overwing exits
- Pre-flight safety demonstration
- Sky marshal
- Special use airspace
- Special visual flight rules
- Terminal control area
- Terminal control center
- Uncontrolled airspace
- Upper information region
- Visual flight rules
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Airline tickets |
- Airline booking ploys
- Airline reservations system
- Airline ticket
- Airline timetable
- Bereavement flight
- Boarding pass
- Codeshare agreement
- Continent pass
- Electronic ticket
- Fare basis code
- Flight cancellation and delay
- Frequent-flyer program
- Government contract flight
- One-way travel
- Open-jaw ticket
- Overbooking (Overselling)
- Passenger name record
- Red-eye flight
- Round-the-world ticket
- Standby
- Tracking
- Travel agency
- Travel website
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Ground crew |
- Aircraft maintenance technician
- Aircraft ground handling
- Baggage handler
- Flight dispatcher
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Miscellaneous |
- Aviation taxation and subsidies
- Mile high club
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