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Tribhuvan International Airport (Nepali: त्रिभुवन अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल) (IATA: KTM, ICAO: VNKT, colloquially referred to as TIA) is an international airport located in Kathmandu, Bagmati, Nepal. It is operating with a tabletop runway,[4] one domestic and an international terminal. As a main international airport, it connects Nepal to over 40 destinations in 17 countries.

Tribhuvan International Airport

त्रिभुवन अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल
Summary
Airport typePublic
OwnerGovernment of Nepal
OperatorCivil Aviation Authority of Nepal (CAAN)
ServesKathmandu, Nepal
Hub for
Elevation AMSL4,390 ft / 1,338 m
Coordinates27°41′47″N 085°21′32″E
Websitewww.tiairport.com.np
Map
KTM
Location within Nepal
Runways
Direction Length Surface
m ft
02/20 3,350 10,991 Asphalt
Statistics (2019)
Passengers7.3 million
Passenger change 2018-19 1.867%
Aircraft movements124,255
Movements change 2018-19 4.06%
Land Area356.536 ha
Sources: CAAN[1] and DAFIF[2][3]

The airport is a hub for two international airlines, the flag carrier Nepal Airlines and Himalaya Airlines, along with multiple domestic carriers. The airport is considered as a starting point for Mount Everest international tourists, with several daily flights to Lukla. Several airlines also offer Everest sightseeing flights out of Kathmandu.

Due to heavy traffic congestion, winter fog and the airport running out of its full capacity, the Government of Nepal promoted Gautam Buddha International Airport as an alternative airport in case of necessary diversions.[5]


History


Aerial view of Tribhuvan International Airport
Aerial view of Tribhuvan International Airport

The airport was originally named Gauchaur Airport, after the area of Kathmandu where it was situated. In Nepali, "Gauchaur" refers to a place where cows graze.[6] The formal beginning of aviation in Nepal occurred in 1949, with the landing of a Beechcraft Bonanza carrying the Indian ambassador. However, there are claims that there is evidence that Simara Airport existed in some form as early as 1946 and would therefore be the oldest airport in Nepal – this is, however, disputed.[7]

The first charter flight took place between Gauchaur and Calcutta, in a Himalayan Aviation Dakota on 20 February 1950.[8]

On 20 February 1950, an Indian registered Dakota DC-3 commenced the first ever scheduled service, linking Kathmandu to Patna, Kolkata and Delhi.[9]

In 1950, King Tribhuvan took refuge at the Indian embassy in an attempt to overthrow the Rana dynasty. Gyanendra Bir Bikram Shah, the four-year-old grandson of Tribhuvan was crowned the new king. On 10 November 1950, two Indian planes landed at Gauchaur Airport and carried the young king along with his grandfather to Delhi. After the Delhi Accord, the Rana regime ended and King Tribhuvan landed at Gauchaur Airport as the monarch on 18 February 1951, bringing the waves of democracy in Nepal.[9]

In 1952, the first scheduled domestic flights commenced to Bhairahawa, Biratnagar, Pokhara and Simara.[9]

On 15 June 1955, the airport was inaugurated by King Mahendra and renamed Tribhuvan Airport in memory of the king's father. The airport was again renamed to Tribhuvan International Airport in 1964.[9]

In 1957, the original 3,700 feet (1,100 m) grass runway 16/34 was re-laid in concrete. In 1964, the former runway 16/34 was abandoned for a newer 6,600 feet (2,000 m) runway 02/20. The new runway was extended from 6,600 feet (2,000 m) to 10,000 feet (3,000 m) with the joint effort of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) and the OPEC in 1975.[8] The runway was re-strengthened in 1981.[9]

In 1961, Queen Elizabeth II landed in a Dakota plane for her first visit to Nepal, one of the most high-profile arrivals at the airport.[10]

In 1967, Tribhuvan International Airport witnessed its first jet aircraft, a Lufthansa Boeing 707[8] and 1972, the Nepali flag carrier, Royal Nepal Airlines commenced jet operations from the airport with a Boeing 727.[8] The same year, Nepali personnel took over air traffic services from the Indian personnel.[9]

In 1985, the extension apron of the runway 02/20 was overlaid.[importance?] Similarly, the development of the terminal building was commenced in the same year. In 1987, the construction of the Airlines Operation and Control Tower building was completed and the taxiway was overlaid. In the same year, on 11 October, Nepal witnessed the first ever landing of Concorde.[11] In 1989, the construction of the terminal building was completed and on 18 February 1990, the newly built TIA complex were officially inaugurated by King Birendra Bir Bikram Shah.[9]

In 1992, Necon Air, Nepal's first private airline commenced the domestic operations from TIA with Hawker Siddeley HS 748.[9]

In 1995, works started to expand the domestic terminal. Likewise, Amplitude modulation signalling system (AMSS) and very-small-aperture terminal (V-SAT) were also installed at the airport.[citation needed][importance?]

In 1997, airport surveillance radar (ASR) and secondary surveillance radar (SSR) came into the operation. The installation of radar surveillance was proposed by Japan in 1994, following the crash of Thai Airways Flight 311 and Pakistan International Airlines Flight 268 in 1992, which claimed the lives of 280 people altogether; including the 17 high-level Japanese diplomats. On 9 September 1998, Prime Minister Girija Prasad Koirala officially inaugurated the radars.[9][12]

In May 2007, Austrian Airlines discontinued its flight to Vienna, Nepal's last direct air link to Europe.[13] In September 2013, Turkish Airlines launched direct flights from Istanbul to Kathmandu, re-establishing Nepal's connection with continental Europe.[14]

In August 2013, the airport's only runway had to be closed for wide-body aircraft because the runway, which was in disrepair, could no longer withstand their weight.[15]

In 2016, a new domestic terminal of 6300 m2 (67,813 sq. ft.) was opened, replacing the old terminal building of 2200 m2 (23,681 sq. ft.). The new facility is a temporary structure, and it cost Rs. 119.8 million to house passengers and office space for 15 local airlines.[16]

In 2020, the runway was extended to 3,350 metres (10,990 ft), the departure hall was expanded to accommodate 1500 more passengers, the arrival area was extended to a lower level and the immigration hall was facelifted.[17]

In 2022, the airport extended its domestic terminal, with the new section of the building being exclusively used by Buddha Air.[18]


Facilities



Apron


International Parking Bays
International Parking Bays

The international apron at TIA can handle up to 17 aircraft, although only three can support wide-body category aircraft. There is also a bay at the eastern side of the airport that can hold two wide-body and two ATR 72 or similar type of aircraft. The eastern bay is used solely to park disabled or non-operational airplanes.With the completion of the construction of the two apron the parking capacity has increased to 17 aircraft.[19]

Defunct Nepal Airlines' 757s at the eastern parking bays
Defunct Nepal Airlines' 757s at the eastern parking bays

The aprons at the domestic terminal have been accommodating up to 35 aircraft, despite its allowable capacity of only 17.[20] The helipad at TIA can handle up to 17 helicopters.[importance?]


Runway


The airport has a single 3,350 metres (10,990 ft) runway with a slope of 1.2%[21] oriented at 02/20. There is no instrument landing system available.[22] The bitumen runway with the strength of PCN 54F/A/W/T has the markings of the centerline, edge, touchdown zone and the threshold. It has a 60 meters Runway Strip and 240 meters Runway End Safety Area (RESA). The runway has five intersections with the taxiways. The taxiway G runs parallel to the runway but it doesn't connect the thresholds.[21]


Aids to Landing and Navigation


Airfield Ground Light at Tribhuvan Airport
Airfield Ground Light at Tribhuvan Airport

There are two non-precision approach available at the Kathmandu Airport; VHF omnidirectional range along a distance measuring equipment (VOR/DME) and Required Area Navigation (RNAV/RNP). Due to mountainous terrain VOR/DME system are installed at Kathmandu and Bhattedanda for a better communication.[23] A high intensity 870 metres (2,850 ft) extended centerline lights are installed at the southern end of the airport to assist with the approach. The runway is equipped with high intensity centerline lights, bidirectional raised edge lights, the threshold lights and the runway end lights. Precision approach path indicator (PAPI) lights (3°) are installed as landing aids for the two runways 02/20. There is however no ILS system installed in the airport.[24]


Terminals


Passenger waiting hall inside the domestic terminal
Passenger waiting hall inside the domestic terminal

There are two public terminals at the airport, one for international traffic and one for domestic traffic. The international terminal can handle up to 1350 departing passengers per hour, though it has been handling 2200 per hour at peak hours to suit the increasing demand of passengers.[25]

A terminal for VIP guests is also operated by the Government of Nepal, where international state guests are welcomed. There are plans to construct a separate terminal for helicopter transportation.[26]

The Government of Nepal's VIP-Terminal, where international state guests are welcomed
The Government of Nepal's VIP-Terminal, where international state guests are welcomed

Radisson Hotel Kathmandu operates an executive lounge for first and business class passengers for several airlines[27] and Thai Airways operates a Royal Thai Silk lounge for its business-class passengers, as well as Star Alliance Gold card holders.[28]

There is a duty-free shop in the departure area, and tea, coffee, and confectionery outlets that serve international travellers including A.B.P. Mart, Karki Multiple Trade and Suppliers. There are also baggage help desk, senior citizens and mother room, banking services and pre-paid taxi services to assist the travelling passengers at the terminal building.[29][importance?] The domestic terminal is located to the northern side of the airport, can be accessed using Free Shuttle Service from the airport main gate. In its temporary building, the domestic terminal has set aside 289 square metres for airline offices, 282 square metres for restaurants, and 58 square metres for lavatories. The terminal has a capacity of 765 passengers per hour.[30][importance?]


Aircraft Maintenance


Nepal Airlines' Hangar
Nepal Airlines' Hangar

Nepal Airlines operates a large hangar between the international and domestic terminals. There are plans to upgrade and move this facility to the eastern side of the airside.[31] Buddha Air operates a closed door hangar facility, which can accommodate narrow-body aircraft at the eastern side of the airport.[32]


Location and access


Tribhuvan International Airport is located 1 km (0.6 mi) from Pashupatinath Temple and 6 km (3.7 mi) east of the city center and main tourist area Thamel.[33] The nearest hotel is Airport Hotel located about 200 m (0.1 mi) from the airport gate.[34]

It is in the middle of the junction of three ancient cities namely Kathmandu, Bhaktapur and Patan. The airport is connected to major parts of Kathmandu valley by the ring road.


Airlines and destinations



Passenger


The following airlines offer regular scheduled and charter flights at Tribhuvan International Airport

AirlinesDestinations
Air Arabia Sharjah[35][36]
Air Arabia Abu Dhabi Abu Dhabi[37][38]
Air ChinaChengdu–Shuangliu[39]
Air IndiaDelhi,[40] Kolkata[41]
Batik Air MalaysiaKuala Lumpur–International[42]
Bhutan AirlinesDelhi,[43] Paro[43]
Biman Bangladesh AirlinesDhaka[44][45]
Buddha AirBhadrapur,[46] Bharatpur,[47] Biratnagar, Dhangadhi,[48] Janakpur,[49] Jitpursimara, Nepalgunj,[50] Pokhara,[51] Rajbiraj,[52] Siddharthanagar, Surkhet,[53] Varanasi,[54] Tumlingtar
Cathay PacificHong Kong[55][56]
Drukair Paro
flydubaiDubai–International[57][58]
Guna AirlinesBhadrapur,[59] Bharatpur,[59] Biratnagar,[60] Birendranagar,[61] Janakpur, Jitpursimara, Nepalgunj,[59] Pokhara,[62] Siddharthanagar,[63] Tumlingtar[64]
Himalaya AirlinesAbu Dhabi,[65] Beijing–Daxing,[66][67] Chittagong,[68] Dammam,[69] Dhaka,[70] Doha,[71] Dubai–International,[72] Kuala Lumpur–International,[73] Kunming,[74][75] Kuwait City,[76] Riyadh[77]
IndiGoDelhi,[78] Mumbai[79][41]
Jazeera AirwaysKuwait City[80]
Korean AirSeoul–Incheon[81]
Kuwait AirwaysKuwait City[82]
Malaysia AirlinesKuala Lumpur–International[83]
Nepal AirlinesBangalore,[84] Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi,[85] Bhojpur, Delhi,[86] Doha,[87] Dubai–International,[88] Hong Kong,[89] Khanidanda, Khotehang, Kuala Lumpur–International, Mumbai,[84][41] Phaplu, Riyadh,[77] Rukum,[90] Taplejung,[91] Tokyo–Narita,[92][84] Tulsipur
Qatar AirwaysDoha[93]
SalamAirMuscat[94]
Saurya AirlinesBhadrapur, Biratnagar, Dhangadhi, Nepalgunj, Siddharthanagar
Shree AirlinesBhadrapur, Biratnagar, Dhangadhi, Janakpur,[95] Jitpursimara, Nepalgunj,[96] Pokhara, Rajbiraj,[97][98][99] Siddharthanagar
Singapore AirlinesSingapore[100]
Sita AirLukla,[101] Nepalgunj,[102] Pokhara
Charter: Bhadrapur,[103] Phaplu, Ramechhap, Taplejung,[103] Tumlingtar
SpiceJetDelhi,[104] Mumbai[105]
SriLankan AirlinesColombo–Bandaranaike[106][107]
Summit AirLukla, Nepalgunj, Phaplu, Taplejung,[108] Tumlingtar[109]
Tara AirBhojpur, Ilam, Khanidanda, Lamidanda, Lukla,[110] Nepalgunj, Phaplu
Charter:Taplejung[111]
Thai Lion AirBangkok–Don Mueang (resumes 22 November 2022)[112]
Thai SmileBangkok–Suvarnabhumi[113][107]
Turkish AirlinesIstanbul[114][115]
VistaraDelhi,[116] Mumbai[117]
Yeti AirlinesBhadrapur, Bharatpur, Biratnagar,[118] Janakpur, Jitpursimara,[119] Lukla, Nepalgunj, Pokhara, Siddharthanagar, Tumlingtar[120]

Buddha Air, Yeti Airlines, and Sita Air also provide daily mountain sightseeing flights or Mount Everest sightseeing flights out of Tribhuvan International Airport. They usually depart from the domestic terminal in the early morning hours and return to the airport one hour later.[121][122]

The helicopter operators Air Dynasty, Manang Air, Prabhu Helicopter, Simrik Air, Shree Airlines and Fishtail Air offer helicopter operations out of their respective hubs at Tribhuvan International Airport.[citation needed]

AirlinesDestinations
Himalaya AirlinesKunming, Nanning[citation needed]
Moalem AviationDubai[citation needed]
SF AirlinesChengdu–Shuangliu[123]

Statistics


Annual passenger traffic at KTM airport. See Wikidata query.
Year[124][125][126][127] Passenger Movement Aircraft Movement
2000 1,914,349 64,103
2001 1,849,766 63,159
2002 1,600,309 54,825
2003 1,748,082 60,648
2004 2,016,850 75,533
2005 2,362,885 80,379
2006 2,265,758 72,348
2007 2,543,482 77,342
2008 2,867,216 83,562
2009 3,405,015 91,884
2010 3,991,259 99,317
2011 4,508,962 102,052
2012 4,500,176 94,197
2013 4,682,906 92,685
2014 4,962,205 95,744
2015 4,581,210 92,428
2016 5,268,338 100,994
2017 6,339,235 126,469
2018 7,190,238 129,513
2019 7,327,042 124,255
2020 2,562,182 48,857[128][129]
2021 5,033,871 92,932

Airline Market Share


Top international carriers serving KTM (2021)[130]
Rank Carrier Number of passengers Change from previous year
1 Qatar Airways 303,556 34.30
2 Nepal Airlines 284,961 61.27
3 Himalaya Airlines 255,678 44.94
4 Fly Dubai 150,291 45.28
5 Air Arabia 99,795 1.50%
Top domestic airlines serving KTM (2020)[131]
Rank Carrier Number of passengers Passenger share
1 Buddha Air 765,708 52.8%
2 Yeti Airlines 380,379 26.2%
3 Shree Airlines 230,646 15.9%
4 Nepal Airlines 23,657 1.63%
5 Saurya Airlines 16,459 1.14%

Expansion


According to the CAAN Aviation Report – 2017, Tribhuvan International will undergo expansions under Transport Project Preparatory Facility funded partly by the Asian Development Bank. Major works include:[132]

Master Plan of KTM 2010-2028
Master Plan of KTM 2010-2028

Ground transportation


Sajha Yatayat buses connect the airport's international terminal to Kathmandu's city centre, and Lalitpur's city centre.[133] Buses from other local companies stop in front of the airport's main gate, 500 meters in front of the terminal buildings.[134] Meter and prepaid taxis are available at both terminals at all hours.[135]


Incidents and accidents



See also



References


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Media related to Tribhuvan International Airport at Wikimedia Commons


На других языках

[de] Flughafen Kathmandu

Der Flughafen Kathmandu (englisch Kathmandu International Airport oder auch Tribhuvan International Airport, TIA, IATA: KTM, ICAO: VNKT; nepali: त्रिभुवन अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल) in Kathmandu ist, neben dem erst vor kurzem fertiggestellten Gautam Buddha International Airport, Nepals einziger internationaler Verkehrsflughafen.
- [en] Tribhuvan International Airport

[es] Aeropuerto Internacional de Katmandú

El Aeropuerto Internacional de Katmandú (IATA: KTM, OACI: VNKT) es un aeropuerto internacional situado en la ciudad de Katmandú, en Nepal.

[fr] Aéroport international Tribhuvan

L'Aéroport international Tribhuvan (en anglais Tribhuvan International Airport) (code IATA : KTM • code OACI : VNKT) est le seul aéroport international du Népal, situé à Katmandou. Il est situé à environ 6 km à l'est du centre de la ville, dans la vallée de Katmandou.

[it] Aeroporto Internazionale Tribhuvan

L'Aeroporto Internazionale Tribhuvan è un aeroporto situato a Kathmandu, nel Nepal. La struttura è intitolata a Tribhuvan del Nepal (1906-1955), Re del Nepal dal 1950 al 1955.

[ru] Международный аэропорт имени Трибхувана

Международный аэропорт имени Трибхувана (непальск. त्रिभुवन अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय विमानस्थल), (ИАТА: KTM, ИКАО: VNKT) — гражданский аэропорт, расположенный в 5,56 километрах к востоку от столицы Непала, города Катманду[1]. Назван в честь короля Непала Трибхувана.


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