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The Shenyang J-6 (Chinese: 歼-6; designated F-6 for export versions; NATO reporting name: Farmer) is the Chinese-built version of the Soviet MiG-19 'Farmer' fighter aircraft, the world's first mass-produced supersonic aircraft.[1]

J-6/F-6
A J-6 fighter flight display at the 2010 Zhuhai Air Show
Role Fighter aircraft
Manufacturer Shenyang Aircraft Corporation[1]
First flight 30 September 1959
Introduction 29 April 1962 (1964, practical type)
Retired Late 1990s (China)
Mid-2002 (Pakistan)
Status In service
Primary users People's Liberation Army Air Force
Pakistan Air Force (historical)
Korean People's Air Force
Bangladesh Air Force
Produced 19581986
Number built 4,500+ (including JJ-6 trainer)[1]
Developed from Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-19
Developed into Nanchang Q-5

Design and development


Although the MiG-19 had a comparatively short life in Soviet service, the Chinese came to value its agility, turning performance, and powerful cannon armament, and produced it for their own use between 1958 and 1981. While the basic Soviet-built MiG-19 has been retired from all nations, the Shenyang J-6 still flies for nine of its original 15 operators, however, in a very limited capacity. The J-6 airframe contributed to the Chinese ground attack version, the Q-5, which still flies for numerous nations.

The J-6 was considered "disposable" and was intended to be operated for only 100 flight hours (or approximately 100 sorties) before being overhauled. The Pakistan Air Force was often able to extend this to 130 hours with diligent maintenance.[2]

A number of J-6 based at Lianchen and Yantan-li bases appeared to have been converted into unmanned aircraft.[3] Work on unmanned J-6 was first reported in 2013.[citation needed]


Description


The J-6 has a maximum speed at altitude of 1,540 km/h (960 mph), Mach 1.45. Service ceiling is 17,900 m (58,700 ft). Combat radius with two drop tanks is about 640 km (400 mi). The aircraft is powered by two Liming Wopen-6A (Tumansky R-9) turbojet engines. In addition to the internal cannon armament, most have provision for four wing pylons for up to 250 kg (550 lb) each, with a maximum ordnance load of 500 kg (1,100 lb). Typical stores include unguided bombs, 55 mm rocket pods, or PL-2/PL-5 (Chinese versions of Soviet K-13 (NATO AA-2 'Atoll') air-to-air missiles.


Operational history



Albania


Albanian Air Force J-6s replaced the J-5s on the border to intercept Yugoslav incursions into Albanian airspace. However, the J-6 was ineffective against the faster Yugoslav MiG-21 'Fishbed'. Once the F-7A became available, the J-6 was redeployed to protect Tirana. As of 2005 all Albanian fighters were grounded due to a lack of spare parts.


Pakistan


A retired Pakistani F-6 on display.
A retired Pakistani F-6 on display.

Between 1965–1980, the Pakistan Air Force (PAF) received 260 F-6 fighters which went on to serve with 10 PAF squadrons at various times. During their service, Pakistani F-6s also underwent 140 modifications at the Pakistan Aeronautical Complex to improve its capabilities in the interceptor and close air support roles. These modifications included installation of Martin-Baker ejection seats, Gun cameras, Western Avionics, AIM-9B/J/P missiles, French 68mm SNEB rockets, underbelly "Gondola" fuel tanks and a special ground power unit to quickly start it's two engines in order to shorten scramble time.[4][5][6]


1971 Indo-Pakistani War

PAF Pilots from the No. 25 Squadron with their Shenyang F-6 in 1968
PAF Pilots from the No. 25 Squadron with their Shenyang F-6 in 1968

When the 1971 War broke out, the PAF had operationalized three F-6 squadrons which were the No. 11, No. 23 & No. 25 Squadrons. The F-6s of these squadrons collectively flew 945 sorties out of which 834 were combat ones.[4][5][6]

Throughout the war, the F-6 flew 650 Air Defence sorties in which they shot down approximately 8 Indian warplanes while damaging 2 more.[4][7]

On 4 December 1971, Flightt Lieutenant Javaid Latif of the No. 23 Squadron shot down an Su-7 over Risalewala Airfield while Flying Officer Qazi Javed of the No. 25 Squadron shot down a Hakwer Hunter over Mianwali Airfield.[6][5]

On 5 December 1971, Wing Commander Saad Hatmi (the Officer Commanding of the No. 25 Squadron) and his wingman Flight Lt. Shahid Raza shot down 2 Indian Hunters near Sakesar.[5][6]

On 7 December 1971,Flight Lt. Atiq Sufi of the No. 11 Squadron shot down an Su-7 near samba.[5][6]

On 8 December 1971, Wing Commander Hashmi shot down a Su-7 which was attacking the Risalewala Airfield.[8][5][6]

On 14 December 1971, Flight Lieutenant Amir Sharif of No. 11 Squadron claimed to have shot down a superior IAF Mig-21 over Shakargarh.[9][6][10]

Moreover, the F-6 flew 184 Ground Attack sorties where their 3 x 30 mm guns and 57 mm S-5 rockets were particularly effective against Indian armour, military vehicles, bunkers, and troop concentrations. Their Close Air Support missions at Shakargarh were the most successful.[11][12][4]

At the end of the war, the PAF had lost two F-6s to ground fire while losing one F-6 to an Indian Su-7. An F-6 was also lost to friendly fire.[13][7]

Some notable Pakistani F-6 pilots are Mushaf Ali Mir who later became the PAF's Chief, Wajid Ali Khan who was taken as a POW after being shot down by Indian AAA, he later became a Member of the Parliament in Canada and Syed Manzoor ul Hassan Hashmi. The single-seat F-6 was retired from the Pakistan Air Force in 2002 and replaced with the Chengdu F-7P/PG aircraft.[4][6]


Vietnam War


The supersonic speed advantage provided by the MiG-21's more modern turbojet engine was found to be not as useful in combat as originally thought, because aerial dogfights at the time were conducted almost entirely at subsonic speeds. The J-6 (and hence the MiG-19 too) was found to be more manoeuvrable than the MiG-21 and, although slower, its acceleration during dogfights was considered adequate. The North Vietnamese Air Force fielded at least one unit of J-6s during the war, the 925th Fighter Regiment, beginning in 1969.[14]


Somalia


Somalia ordered at least eleven F-6Cs and two FT-6s in 1979.[15] Deliveries started in 1980.[16] They were used during border skirmishes with Ethiopia in 1981, and they also saw combat during the Somali Rebellion, in the second half of the 1980s and until 1991.[17]


Sudan


Twelve F-6 fighters and two FT-6 trainers were reportedly delivered to the Sudanese Air Force, starting in 1973. Moreover, twelve F-6Cs were delivered between 1981 and 1983. Another batch of twelve F-6Cs might have been acquired in 1990, as well as two FT-6s in 2001.[18] Sudanese F-6s participated in the Second Sudanese Civil War, from the 1980s to the early 1990s.[19] One F-6 was claimed shot down by the rebels in 1988, and two more in the autumn of 1991.[20]


Uganda-Tanzania War


The Tanzania Air Force Command received its first batch of twelve F-6s starting in June 1973.[21] An additional twelve F-6Cs and up to four FT-6s were also delivered in 1982.[22] Tanzanian F-6s participated in the 1978–1979 Uganda-Tanzania War. However, they aren't known to have been involved in any air-to-air combats.[23]


Zambia


Twelve F-6s were delivered to the Zambian Air Force, probably between 1976 and 1978.[24] On 8 June 1980, Zambian F-6s intercepted and shot down an Angolan Yakovlev Yak-40, under unknown circumstances.[25]


Kampuchea-Vietnam War


Shenyang J-6 fighter at Vietnamese People's Air Force Museum, Hanoi
Shenyang J-6 fighter at Vietnamese People's Air Force Museum, Hanoi

In the era of Khmer Rouge control of Cambodia (1975–1979), Chinese-supplied Khmer J-6s participated in Kampuchea-Vietnamese border clashes for ground attacks. During the Vietnamese invasion in 1978, the Cambodian aircraft were reluctant to take-off to intercept the Vietnamese ones, thus the Vietnamese captured a number of J-6s and put them on public display.


Iran–Iraq War


During the 1980–88 Iran–Iraq War, both sides deployed J-6 fighter jets. Documents from the US Defense Intelligence Agency released under the Freedom of Information Act (United States) on Chinese arms sales to Iran reveal that between 1980 and 1987 China delivered 100 J-6 fighter jets to Iran.[26] Iraq's J-6 fighters were transferred from the Egyptian Air Force. Most missions J-6s performed during the Iran-Iraq War were air-to-ground attack.[27]


Variants


F-6A
F-6A
F-6B
F-6B
Two-seat FT-6
Two-seat FT-6

Operators


Shenyang J-6 Operators 2010 (former operators in red)
Shenyang J-6 Operators 2010 (former operators in red)

Current operators


 China

 Myanmar
 North Korea
 Sudan
 Tanzania
 Zambia

Former operators


Pakistani Shenyang F-6 on display at Karachi Air Museum
Pakistani Shenyang F-6 on display at Karachi Air Museum
An Albanian Shenyang J-6C in Kucova Airbase.
An Albanian Shenyang J-6C in Kucova Airbase.
Egyptian Air Force personnel inspect an Egyptian F-6
Egyptian Air Force personnel inspect an Egyptian F-6
Bangladesh Air Force F-6 inflight
Bangladesh Air Force F-6 inflight
 Albania
 Bangladesh
 Cambodia
 Egypt
 Iran
 Iraq
 Pakistan
 Somalia
 Sudan
 Vietnam

Specifications (J-6)


The nose of an F-6, showing the 30 mm cannons fitted in the right wing root and the lower body.
The nose of an F-6, showing the 30 mm cannons fitted in the right wing root and the lower body.

Data from Chinese aircraft : China's aviation industry since 1951,[40] Combat aircraft since 1945[41]

General characteristics

12.54 m (41.1 ft) (variants without nose pitot probe)
8,662 kg (19,096 lb) with drop tanks
8,832 kg (19,471 lb) with drop tanks and rocket pods
2,796 kg (6,164 lb) with drop tanks

Performance

2 hours 38 minutes with drop tanks
17,500–17,900 m (57,400–58,700 ft) with full afterburner
515 m (1,690 ft) with full afterburner
890 m (2,920 ft) without brake parachute

Armament


See also


Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists


References



Notes


  1. Gordon, Yefim & Komissarov, Dmitry. Chinese Aircraft. Hikoki Publications. Manchester. 2008. ISBN 978-1-902109-04-6
  2. Yeager and Janos 1986, p. 396.
  3. Yeo, Mike (20 October 2021). "China shows off drones recycled from Soviet-era fighter jets". Defense News. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  4. AVM (R) Ikramullah Bhatti (27 July 2020). "Faithful Warrior". Second To None. Directorate of Media Affairs Pakistan Air Force. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
  5. Group Captain Sultan M Hali. "F-6 Aircraft of Pakistan Air Force". Defence Journal. Archived from the original on 27 October 2000. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
  6. Air Commodore Qadeer Ahmad Hashmi. "Final Salute to F-6". DefenceJournal.com. Archived from the original on 3 January 2003.
  7. "Trauma & Reconstruction (1971-1980)". Pakistan Air Froce.
  8. "F-6 Vs SU-7". PAF Over the Years (Revised ed.). Pakistan: Directorate of Media Affairs, Pakistan Air Force. June 2007. p. 73.
  9. "BBC Interview of Flight Lt. Amir Sharif". Facebook.
  10. "PAF Air to Air kills (1971 War)". PakDef.info. Archived from the original on 2 April 2012. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
  11. Kaiser Tufail (14 April 2010). "Air Support in Shakargarh – 1971 War". AERONAUT.
  12. Kaiser Tufail (10 August 2019). "1971 Air War Assessed". Defence Journal.
  13. "PAF Aircraft losses (1971 War)". PakDef.info. Archived from the original on 12 July 2012. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
  14. Toperczer, Istvan. MiG-17 and MiG-19 Units of the Vietnam War. 2001, Osprey Publishing Limited. ISBN 1-84176-162-1
  15. Cooper et al. 2011, pp. 99, 107
  16. Cooper et al. 2011, p. 97
  17. Cooper et al. 2011, pp. 107, 110
  18. Cooper et al. 2011, p. 116
  19. Cooper et al. 2011, pp. 133, 135
  20. Cooper et al. 2011, pp. 135, 153
  21. Cooper et al. 2011, p. 161
  22. Cooper et al. 2011, pp. 161, 165–166
  23. Cooper et al. 2011, p. 167
  24. Cooper et al. 2011, p. 200
  25. Cooper et al. 2011, p. 204
  26. "Defense Intelligence Agency > FOIA > FOIA Electronic Reading Room > FOIA Reading Room: China". Archived from the original on 11 December 2017. Retrieved 12 July 2016.
  27. "J-6 Fighter Jets in wars". AirForceWorld.com. Archived from the original on 6 September 2011. Retrieved 5 September 2011.
  28. "J6 fighter jet ammunition". AirForceWorld.com. Archived from the original on 6 September 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2011.
  29. "China Defense Blog". Archived from the original on 8 July 2011. Retrieved 16 August 2006.
  30. Reed, John. "Meet China's new-old killer drones". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 22 August 2021.
  31. Yeo, Mike (20 October 2021). "China shows off drones recycled from Soviet-era fighter jets". defensenews.com. Defense News. Retrieved 21 October 2021.
  32. Hoyle and Fafard Flight International 10–16 December 2019, p. 35
  33. Hoyle and Fafard Flight International 10–16 December 2019, p. 36
  34. Hoyle and Fafard Flight International 10–16 December 2019, p. 44
  35. Hoyle and Fafard Flight International 10–16 December 2019, p. 45
  36. Hoyle and Fafard Flight International 10–16 December 2019, p. 50
  37. Hoyle and Fafard Flight International 10–16 December 2019, p. 51
  38. Hoyle and Fafard Flight International 10–16 December 2019, p. 54
  39. Cooper et al. 2011, p. 110
  40. Gordon, Yefim; Komissarov, Dmitry (2008). Chinese aircraft : China's aviation industry since 1951 (1st ed.). Manchester: Hikoki Publications. pp. 31–47. ISBN 978-1-902109-04-6.
  41. Wilson, Stewart (2000). Combat aircraft since 1945. Fyshwick: Aerospace Publications. p. 125. ISBN 1-875671-50-1.

Bibliography





На других языках


- [en] Shenyang J-6

[fr] Shenyang J-6

Le Shenyang J-6 (歼-6; désigné F-6 dans ses versions d'exportation) Farmer (désignation OTAN) est la version construite en République populaire de Chine du chasseur russe Mikoyan-Gourevitch MiG-19 Farmer.

[it] Shenyang J-6

Lo Shenyang J-6 (歼-6; designato F-6 nelle versioni da esportazione)[1] fu la versione prodotta su licenza del caccia supersonico sovietico Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-19, nome in codice NATO Farmer[3].

[ru] Shenyang J-6

Шэньян J-6 (кит. трад. 殲撃六型, упр. 歼撃六型, пиньинь Jiān jī liù xíng, палл. Цзянь цзи лю син или 歼-6, Jiān-6, J-6, буквально Истребитель модель 6; экспортное обозначение — F-6, Код НАТО: Farmer) — истребитель МиГ-19, производившийся по лицензии в Китае. Самый массовый истребитель ВВС Китая.



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