langs: 24 марта [ru] / march 24 [en] / 24. märz [de] / 24 mars [fr] / 24 marzo [it] / 24 de marzo [es]
days: march 21 / march 22 / march 23 / march 24 / march 25 / march 26 / march 27
Advanced Landing Grounds ( ALGs ) were temporary advance airfields constructed by the Allies during World War II during the liberation of Europe. They were built in the UK prior to the invasion and thereafter in northwest Europe from 6 June 1944 to V-E Day , 7 May 1945. It has been suggested that th
Royal Air Force Station Reykjavik or more simply RAF Reykjavik is a former Royal Air Force station , at Reykjavík Airport , Iceland . Former Royal Air Force station in Iceland RAF Reykjavik Hurricane aircraft at RAF Reykjavik during World War II IATA : RKV ICAO : BIRK Summary Airport type Military O
#3 RNAS Culdrose (HMS Seahawk)
Royal Naval Air Station Culdrose ( RNAS Culdrose , also known as HMS Seahawk ; ICAO : EGDR ) is a Royal Navy airbase near Helston on the Lizard Peninsula of Cornwall UK, and is one of the largest helicopter bases in Europe. [2] Its main role is serving the Fleet Air Arm 's front line AgustaWestland
#4 RAF Zeals
Royal Air Force Zeals or more simply RAF Zeals is a former Royal Air Force station in Wiltshire, sited to the north of the village of Zeals , next to the village of Stourton and the Stourhead estate . This article needs additional citations for verification . ( February 2013 ) RAF Zeals Zeals , Wilt
#5 Johan Adolf Pengel International Airport
Johan Adolf Pengel International Airport ( IATA : PBM , ICAO : SMJP ) , also known as Paramaribo-Zanderij International Airport , and locally referred to simply as JAP , is an airport located in the town of Zanderij and hub for airline carrier Surinam Airways , 45 kilometres (28 mi) south of Param
#6 Devi Ahilya Bai Holkar Airport
Devi Ahilya Bai Holkar Airport ( IATA : IDR , ICAO : VAID ) is an international airport that principally serves Indore and adjacent regions in Madhya Pradesh . It is the busiest airport in Central India and is located eight kilometres (5.0 mi) west of Indore. According to the statistics released b
#7 Bù Đốp Camp
Bù Đốp Camp (also known as Bù Đốp Special Forces Camp ) is a former U.S. Army and Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) base in Bù Đốp District , Bình Phước Province near the Vietnam - Cambodia border. Bù Đốp Camp Bù Đốp Camp, 23 September 1967 Bù Đốp Camp Coordinates 12.017°N 106.813°E / 12.017;
Norwich Airport ( IATA : NWI , ICAO : EGSH ) is an international airport in Hellesdon , Norfolk , England, 2.5 miles (4.0 km) north of Norwich . [3] In 2017, Norwich Airport was the 28th busiest airport in the UK and busiest in the East Anglia region. [2] International airport in Norwich, Norfolk,
Royal Naval Air Station Yeovilton , or RNAS Yeovilton , ( IATA : YEO , ICAO : EGDY ) ( HMS Heron ) is an airfield of the Royal Navy and British Army, sited a few miles north of Yeovil , Somerset . It is one of two active Fleet Air Arm bases (the other being RNAS Culdrose) and is currently home to th
#10 Belfast International Airport
Belfast International Airport ( Irish : Aerfort Idirnáisiúnta Bhéal Feirste ( IATA : BFS , ICAO : EGAA ) is an airport 11.5 NM (21.3 km; 13.2 mi) [2] [ dead link ] northwest of Belfast in Northern Ireland , is the main Airport for the city of Belfast, Northern Ireland. Until 1983, it was known
#11 Al Jufra Airbase
Al Jufra Airbase ( ICAO : HL69 ) is a Libyan Air Force base in Waddan, 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) northeast of Hun , a desert city in the Jufra District of Libya . It was originally used by the Libyan Arab Air Force from 1969 to 2011. Airport Al Jufra Airbase Al Jufra Airbase IATA : none ICAO : HL69 Su
#12 Don Mueang International Airport
Don Mueang International Airport ( Thai : ท่าอากาศยานดอนเมือง , RTGS : Tha-akatsayan Donmuang , pronounced [tʰâː.ʔāː.kàːt̚.sā.jāːn.dɔ̄ːn.mɯ̄âŋ] ( listen ) , or colloquially as สนามบินดอนเมือง , pronounced [sā.nǎːm.bīn.dɔ̄ːn.mɯ̄a̯ŋ] ) ( IATA : DMK , ICAO : VTBD ) is one of two international airport
#13 Daniel K. Inouye International Airport
Daniel K. Inouye International Airport [3] ( IATA : HNL , ICAO : PHNL , FAA LID : HNL ) , also known as Honolulu International Airport , is the main airport of Oahu, Hawaii . [4] The airport is named after Honolulu native and Medal of Honor recipient Daniel Inouye , who represented Hawaii in the U.S
#14 Chautauqua County-Jamestown Airport
Chautauqua County/Jamestown Airport at Robert H. Jackson Field ( IATA : JHW [2] , ICAO : KJHW , FAA LID : JHW ) is a county-owned, public-use airport located three nautical miles (6 km ) north of the central business district of Jamestown , in Chautauqua County , New York , United States . [1] I
Cloncurry Airport ( IATA : CNJ , ICAO : YCCY ) is an airport in Cloncurry , Queensland , Australia . This article needs additional citations for verification . ( April 2021 ) Airport in Cloncurry, Queensland Cloncurry Airport IATA : CNJ ICAO : YCCY Summary Airport type Public Operator Cloncurry Shir
#16 George Best Belfast City Airport
George Best Belfast City Airport ( Irish : Aerfort Chathair Bhéal Feirste George Best ( IATA : BHD , ICAO : EGAC ) is a single-runway airport in Belfast , Northern Ireland. Situated in County Down , it is adjacent to the Port of Belfast [1] and is 3 miles (4.8km) from Belfast City Centre . It shares
#17 RAF Atcham
Royal Air Force Atcham or more simply RAF Atcham is a former Royal Air Force station located 5 miles (8 km) east of Shrewsbury , Shropshire , England , on the north eastern boundary of Attingham Park . Former RAF base in Shropshire, England RAF Atcham USAAF Station 342 Shrewsbury , Shropshire in
#18 Bandaranaike International Airport
Bandaranaike International Airport (BIA) ( Sinhala : බණ්ඩාරනායක ජාත්යන්තර ගුවන්තොටුපළ , romanized: Bandāranāyaka Jātyantara Guvantoṭupaḷa ; Tamil : பண்டாரநாயக்க சர்வதேச விமான நிலையம் , romanized: Paṇṭāranāyakka Carvatēca Vimāṉa Nilaiyam ) (commonly known as Colombo International Airport , Colom
Alghero - Riviera del Corallo Airport ( Italian : Aeroporto di Alghero - Riviera del Corallo ; Catalan : L'Aeroport de l'Alguer-Fertília ) [1] ( IATA : AHO , ICAO : LIEA ) is an international airport situated 4.3 NM (8.0 km; 4.9 mi) north-northwest of the city of Alghero , in northern Sardinia
The Shuttle Landing Facility ( SLF ) also known as Launch and Landing Facility (LLF) [1] ( IATA : QQS , ICAO : KTTS , FAA LID : TTS ) is an airport located on Merritt Island in Brevard County , Florida , United States . It is a part of the Kennedy Space Center and was used by Space Shuttle for landi
#1 Boeing 747
The Boeing 747 is a large, long-range wide-body airliner designed and manufactured by Boeing Commercial Airplanes in the United States. After introducing the 707 in October 1958, Pan Am wanted a jet 2 + 1 ⁄ 2 times its size, to reduce its seat cost by 30% to democratize air travel. In 1965, Joe Sutt
The Junkers Ju 290 was a large German, four-engine long-range transport , maritime patrol aircraft and heavy bomber used by the Luftwaffe late in World War II that had been developed from an earlier airliner. 1942 multi-role military aircraft family by Junkers Ju 290 Ju 290 in flight Role Maritime p
The Handley Page Halifax is a British Royal Air Force (RAF) four-engined heavy bomber of the Second World War . It was developed by Handley Page to the same specification as the contemporary twin-engine Avro Manchester . Royal Air Force four-engine heavy bomber of WWII Halifax Handley Page Halifax B
The Dassault Rafale ( French pronunciation: [ʁafal] , literally meaning "gust of wind", [2] and "burst of fire" in a more military sense) [3] is a French twin-engine , canard delta wing , multirole fighter aircraft designed and built by Dassault Aviation . Equipped with a wide range of weapons,
#5 Boeing 247
The Boeing Model 247 is an early United States airliner , and one of the first such aircraft to incorporate advances such as all-metal ( anodized aluminum ) semimonocoque construction, a fully cantilevered wing , and retractable landing gear . [2] [3] Other advanced features included control surface
#6 Extra EA-300
The Extra Flugzeugbau EA300 is a two-seat aerobatic monoplane capable of Unlimited category competition . It was designed in 1987 by Walter Extra , a German aerobatic pilot, and built by Extra Flugzeugbau . German aerobatic aircraft This article needs additional citations for verification . ( May 20
The SFCA Maillet 20 was a French three seat tourer built in 1935. The Armée de l'Air ordered 30 for training and liaison and several were raced. The aircraft was developed through 1935 via cockpit layout and canopy changes to the provision of retracting landing gear . 1930s French light aircraft Mai
The Vultee BT-13 Valiant is an American World War II -era basic (a category between primary and advanced) trainer aircraft built by Vultee Aircraft for the United States Army Air Corps , and later US Army Air Forces . A subsequent variant of the BT-13 in USAAC/USAAF service was known as the BT-15 Va
The Savoia-Marchetti SM.82 Marsupiale [2] was an Italian bomber and transport aircraft of World War II . It was a cantilever , mid-wing monoplane trimotor with a retractable, tailwheel undercarriage . There were 875 [3] (plus one prototype) built, the first entering service in 1940. Although able to
#10 SM-64 Navaho
The North American SM-64 Navaho was a supersonic intercontinental cruise missile project built by North American Aviation (NAA). The final design was capable of delivering a nuclear weapon to the USSR from bases within the US, while cruising at Mach 3 (3,700 km/h; 2,300 mph) at 60,000 feet (18
#11 Tupolev Tu-22M
The Tupolev Tu-22M ( Russian : Туполев Ту-22М ; NATO reporting name : Backfire ) is a supersonic , variable-sweep wing , long-range strategic and maritime strike bomber developed by the Tupolev Design Bureau in the 1960s. According to some sources, the bomber was believed to be designated Tu-26 at o
#12 Lockheed T-33
The Lockheed T-33 Shooting Star (or T-Bird ) is an American subsonic jet trainer . It was produced by Lockheed and made its first flight in 1948. The T-33 was developed from the Lockheed P-80/F-80 starting as TP-80C/TF-80C in development, then designated T-33A . It was used by the U.S. Navy initiall
The Supermarine Spitfire is a British single-seat fighter aircraft used by the Royal Air Force and other Allied countries before, during, and after World War II . Many variants of the Spitfire were built, from the Mk 1 to the Rolls-Royce Griffon engined Mk 24 using several wing configurations and gu
The Boeing 787 Dreamliner is an American wide-body jet airliner developed and manufactured by Boeing Commercial Airplanes . After dropping its Sonic Cruiser project, Boeing announced the conventional 7E7 on January 29, 2003, focused on efficiency. The program was launched on April 26, 2004, with an
The de Havilland DH.98 Mosquito is a British twin-engined, shoulder-winged , multirole combat aircraft , introduced during the Second World War . Unusual in that its frame was constructed mostly of wood, it was nicknamed the "Wooden Wonder", [4] or "Mossie". [5] Lord Beaverbrook , Minister of Aircra
#16 Supermarine Spitfire (Griffon-powered variants)
The Rolls-Royce Griffon engine was designed in answer to Royal Naval specifications for an engine capable of generating good power at low altitudes. Concepts for adapting the Spitfire to take the new engine had begun as far back as October 1939; Joseph Smith felt that "The good big 'un will eventual
#17 Tupolev Tu-114
The Tupolev Tu-114 Rossiya ( Russian: Tyполев Тy-114 Poccия ; NATO reporting name Cleat ) was a turboprop -powered long-range airliner designed by the Tupolev design bureau and built in the Soviet Union from May 1955. [1] The aircraft was the largest and fastest passenger plane at that time and also
The Douglas C-74 Globemaster was a United States heavy-lift cargo aircraft built by the Douglas Aircraft Company in Long Beach, California . The aircraft was developed after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor . The long distances across the Atlantic and, especially, Pacific oceans to combat areas i
#19 Project Vixen
Project Vixen is the name of a Royal Navy programme examining the use of fixed-wing unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) from its two aircraft carriers. The project likely draws its name from the de Havilland Sea Vixen , notable for being the Royal Navy's first two-seat carrier-based aircraft capable of
#20 Lockheed L-2000
The Lockheed L-2000 was Lockheed Corporation 's entry in a government-funded competition to build the United States' first supersonic airliner in the 1960s. The L-2000 lost the contract to the Boeing 2707 , but that competing design was ultimately canceled for political, environmental and economic r
USS Patoka (AO–9/AV–6/AG–125) was a replenishment oiler made famous as a tender for the airships Shenandoah (ZR-1) , Los Angeles (ZR-3) and Akron (ZRS-4) . It was also notable in that its height ( 177 feet (54 m) ) figured prominently in the design of the Rainbow Bridge in Texas (the bridge
#2 Japanese aircraft carrier Chitose
Chitose ( 千歳 ) was a warship of the Imperial Japanese Navy that served from 1938 to 1944, seeing service as a seaplane carrier and later as a light aircraft carrier during World War II . In her initial guise as a seaplane carrier, she first saw service during the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1938, an
HMS Ocean was a Landing Platform Helicopter , formerly the UK's helicopter carrier and the fleet flagship of the Royal Navy . [6] She was designed to support amphibious landing operations and to support the staff of Commander UK Amphibious Force and Commander UK Landing Force. She was constructed in
USS Willapa (AVG-53/ACV-53/CVE-53) was a Bogue -class escort carrier (originally an auxiliary aircraft carrier) built during World War II for the United States Navy . Never seeing American service, the ship was transferred to the United Kingdom as part of Lend-Lease . The escort carrier was renamed
The Type B1 submarine ( 巡潜乙型潜水艦 , Junsen Otsu-gata sensuikan , lit. "Cruiser submarine type B") , also called I-15 -class submarine ( 伊一五型潜水艦 , I-jū-go-gata sensuikan ) was the first group of boats of the Type B cruiser submarines built for the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) during the 1940s. In total
HMS Eagle was an early aircraft carrier of the Royal Navy . Ordered by Chile during the South American dreadnought race as the Almirante Latorre -class battleship Almirante Cochrane , she was laid down before World War I . In early 1918 she was purchased by Britain for conversion to an aircraft carr
USS Yorktown (CV/CVA/CVS-10) is one of 24 Essex -class aircraft carriers built during World War II for the United States Navy . Initially to have been named Bonhomme Richard , she was renamed Yorktown while still under construction, after the Yorktown -class aircraft carrier USS Yorktown (CV-5)
HMS Formidable was an Illustrious -class aircraft carrier ordered for the Royal Navy before the Second World War. After being completed in late 1940, she was briefly assigned to the Home Fleet before being transferred to the Mediterranean Fleet as a replacement for her crippled sister ship Illustrio
USS Saginaw Bay (CVE-82) was a Casablanca -class escort carrier of the United States Navy . It was named after Saginaw Bay, located within Kuiu Island . The bay was in turn named after USS Saginaw , a U.S. Navy sloop-of-war that spent 1868 and 1869 charting and exploring the Alaskan coast. Launche
#10 USS Lunga Point
USS Lunga Point (CVE-94) , originally named Alazon Bay , was a Casablanca -class escort carrier of the United States Navy . It was named for Lunga Point on the northern coast of Guadalcanal , the site of a naval battle during World War II . The ship notably participated in support of the landings on
#11 SS Europa (1928)
SS Europa , later SS Liberté , IMO 5607332, was a German ocean liner built for the Norddeutsche Lloyd line (NDL) to work the transatlantic sea route. She and her sister ship, Bremen , were the two most advanced, high-speed steam turbine ocean vessels in their day, with both earning the Blue Riband .
USS America (CVA/CV-66) was one of three Kitty Hawk -class supercarriers built for the United States Navy in the 1960s. Commissioned in 1965, she spent most of her career in the Atlantic and Mediterranean, but did make three Pacific deployments serving in the Vietnam War . She also served in the Per
#13 HMS Archer (D78)
HMS Archer was a Long Island -class escort carrier built by the United States in 1939–1940 and operated by the Royal Navy during World War II . She was built as the cargo ship Mormacland , but was converted to an escort carrier and renamed HMS Archer . Her transmission was a constant cause of proble
USS Coral Sea (CV/CVB/CVA-43) , a Midway -class aircraft carrier , was the third ship of the United States Navy to be named for the Battle of the Coral Sea . She earned the affectionate nickname " Ageless Warrior " through her long career. Initially classified as an aircraft carrier with hull classi
The second USS Rehoboth (AVP-50/AGS-50) was in commission in the United States Navy as a seaplane tender from 1944 to 1947 and as an oceanographic survey ship from 1948 to 1970. Oceanographic survey ship from 1948 to 1970 For other ships with the same name, see USS Rehoboth . USS Rehoboth (AVP-50) o
HMS Activity was an escort carrier that served with the Royal Navy of the United Kingdom during the Second World War . After the war, she was sold into merchant service as the MV Breconshire , serving for over 20 years until scrapped in 1967. For Empire Activity built 1919, see SS Belgian . HMS Acti
HMS Theseus (R64) was a Colossus -class light fleet aircraft carrier of the Royal Navy . She was laid down in 1943 by Fairfield at Govan , and launched on 6 July 1944. She was involved in the Korean War and the Suez Crisis . Theseus was broken up in 1962. 1946 Colossus-class aircraft carrier of the
#18 Nairana-class escort carrier
The Nairana -class escort carrier ( / n aɪ ˈ r ɑː n ə / ) was a British-built class of three escort carriers . They were constructed one each in England , Scotland and Northern Ireland to the same basic design during the Second World War for service with the Royal Navy . British-built class of escor
USS Boxer (LHD-4) is a Wasp -class amphibious assault ship of the United States Navy . [2] She is the sixth U.S. ship to bear the name of the original HMS Boxer , which was captured from the British during the War of 1812 . Amphibious assault ship For other ships with the same name, see USS Boxer .
#20 Italian aircraft carrier Giuseppe Garibaldi
Giuseppe Garibaldi is an Italian aircraft carrier , the first through deck aviation ship ever built for the Italian Navy , and the first Italian ship built to operate fixed-wing aircraft . She is equipped with short take-off and vertical landing aircraft (STOVL) aircraft and helicopters. Giuseppe Ga
Aer Lingus (U.K.) Limited is a British airline and wholly owned subsidiary of Aer Lingus , the flag carrier of the Republic of Ireland . It is headquartered in Belfast , Northern Ireland with its operations based at Manchester Airport . The airline's operations launched on 20 October 2021, with its
#2 British Midland International
British Midland Airways Limited (trading at various times throughout its history as British Midland , bmi British Midland , bmi or British Midland International ) [1] was an airline with its head office in Donington Hall in Castle Donington , close to East Midlands Airport , in the United Kingdom. T
#3 Aviación del Litoral Fluvial Argentino
The airline Aviación del Litoral Fluvial Argentino or A.L.F.A. was a joint venture established on May 16, 1946, by the Argentine government, through national decree 13.532, and the merger of "Corporación Sudamericana de Servicios Aéreos S.A." (CSSA) and "Compañía Argentina de Aeronavegación Dodero S
#4 Aer Lingus
Aer Lingus ( / ˌ ɛər ˈ l ɪ ŋ ɡ ə s / air LING -gəs ; an anglicisation of the Irish aerloingeas [ˌeːɾˠˈl̪ˠɪɲɟəsˠ] , meaning "air fleet") [lower-alpha 1] is the flag carrier of Ireland . Founded by the Irish Government, it was privatised between 2006 and 2015 and it is now a wholly owned subsidiary of
#5 Aeropostal Alas de Venezuela
Aeropostal Alas de Venezuela C.A. is a state-owned airline of Venezuela based in Torre Polar Oeste in Caracas , Venezuela . [2] It operates domestic services and international services in the Caribbean . Its main base is Simón Bolívar International Airport . [3] The airline ceased operations on Sept
Zambia Airways is the flag carrier of the Republic of Zambia . The airline is based in Lusaka , Zambia with its hub at Kenneth Kaunda International Airport . Former Zambian airline (1964–1995) Not to be confused with Zambian Airways . Zambia Airways IATA ICAO Callsign ZN AZB AIR ZAMBIA Founded April
#7 Germanwings
Germanwings GmbH was [1] a German low-cost airline wholly owned by Lufthansa [2] which operated under the Eurowings brand. It was based in Cologne with hubs at Cologne Bonn Airport , Stuttgart Airport , Hamburg Airport , Berlin Tegel Airport , Munich Airport and further bases at Hannover Airport and
#8 British Caledonian in the 1970s
British Caledonian (BCal) came into being in November 1970 when the Scottish charter airline Caledonian Airways , at the time Britain's second-largest, wholly privately owned, independent [nb 1] airline , took over British United Airways (BUA), then the largest British independent airline as well as
Highland Airways Limited was established in Inverness , Scotland , by Ted Fresson in 1933 to provide passenger and freight air services between the Scottish mainland and the Northern Isles of Orkney and Shetland , and between their islands. The airline was taken over by Scottish Airways , absorbed b
#10 US Airways
US Airways (formerly USAir ) was a major American airline that operated from 1937 until its merger with American Airlines in 2015. It was originally founded in Pittsburgh as a mail delivery airline called All American Aviation , which soon became a commercial passenger airline. In 1953, it was renam
#11 Styrian Spirit
Styrian Spirit was an airline based in Graz , Austria , the capital of Styria . It operated services to scheduled and charter destinations within Europe . This article needs additional citations for verification . ( February 2013 ) Styrian Airways GmbH & Co KG IATA ICAO Callsign Z2 STY STYRIAN Found
#12 Direct Air
Southern Sky Air Tours, d/b/a Direct Air was an airline business based in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina , United States. [2] [3] Direct Air started in 2007 and leased aircraft with charter airlines . Its main base was Myrtle Beach International Airport . Direct Air's flights were operated by Sky King
#13 Tel Aviv Air
Tel Aviv Air was [2] a short-lived German virtual airline [1] headquartered in Hamburg . German-Israeli airline Tel Aviv Air IATA ICAO Callsign U8 CYF TUS AIR Founded 2021 ( 2021 ) Ceased operations 2022 Destinations 2 Headquarters Hamburg, Germany Key people Shlomo Almagor ( CEO ) [1] Paul Scodel
#14 Skybus Airlines
Skybus Airlines Inc. was a privately held airline based in Columbus , Ohio , United States . [2] It operated as an ultra low-cost carrier modeled after the European airline Ryanair , and aimed to be the least expensive airline in the United States. The business model was heavily reliant on flying ro
Reeve Aleutian Airways was an airline headquartered in Anchorage , Alaska , United States. [1] [2] It ceased operations on December 5, 2000. [3] This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points . ( August 2014 ) Reeve Aleutian Airways IATA ICAO Callsign RV RVV REEV
#16 Air Pegasus
Air Pegasus was an Indian regional airline headquartered in Bangalore and based at Kempegowda International Airport . The airline was a subsidiary of Decor Aviation, an aircraft ground-handling services company. It commenced operations on 12 April 2015 with its inaugural flight between Bangalore and
#17 Highland Airways
Highland Airways was an airline based in Inverness , Scotland. It ceased trading on 24 March 2010 after failing to secure new investment. The airline operated passenger and freight charters as well as scheduled services from its main base at Inverness Airport . Other services included newspaper dist
Ethiopian Airlines (commonly referred to as Ethiopian ; Amharic : የኢትዮጵያ አየር መንገድ , romanized : Ye-Ītyōṗṗyā āyer menged ), formerly Ethiopian Air Lines ( EAL ), is the flag carrier of Ethiopia , [12] [13] and is wholly owned by the country's government . EAL was founded on 21 December 1945 and com
#19 Czech Airlines
Czech Airlines j.s.c. (abbreviation: ČSA , Czech : České Aerolinie, a.s. ) is the flag carrier of the Czech Republic . Its head office is located in the Vokovice area of Prague 's 6th district and its hub is Václav Havel Airport Prague . The company mainly operates scheduled flights, [6] serving fou
Southern Airways Express , doing business as Mokulele Airlines, [2] is an American commuter airline operating in Hawaii . [3] The airline operates scheduled inter-island and charter flights among all Hawaiian islands with airports. Mokulele Airlines was the first FAA Part 135 Scheduled Airline to ha
Jagdgeschwader 52 (JG 52) [lower-alpha 1] was a German World War II fighter Geschwader ( wing ) that exclusively used the Messerschmitt Bf 109 throughout the war. The unit originally formed near Munich in November 1938, then moved to a base near Stuttgart . JG 52 became the most successful fighter-
The 4th Ferrying Group was a World War II unit of the United States Army Air Forces (AAF). It was activated in February 1942 as the Nashville Sector, Ferrying Command , but soon changed its name. It ferried aircraft manufactured in the midwest and south until March 1944, when it was disbanded in a g
Number 5 (Army Co-operation) Squadron (although His Majesty the King awarded No. V (Army Cooperation) Squadron ) was a squadron of the Royal Air Force . It most recently operated the Raytheon Sentinel R1 Airborne STand-Off Radar (ASTOR) aircraft from RAF Waddington , Lincolnshire , between April 200
No. 196 Squadron was a Royal Air Force squadron originally formed as a training unit during World War I. It was active during World War II in Nos. 3 , 4 and 38 Group RAF . It served first as a bomber squadron and later as an airborne support and transport unit. Defunct flying squadron of the Royal A
The 1st Ferrying Group was a unit of the Army Air Forces during World War II . It was the first transport group to deploy overseas and the first to fly transport missions over the Hump . It was redesignated the 1st Transport Group , then disbanded in December 1943, when the India-China Wing, Air Tra
Jagdgeschwader 134 (JG 134) "Horst Wessel" was a Luftwaffe fighter - wing prior to World War II . JG 134 was formed on 4 January 1936 with III. Gruppe in Döberitz . The Geschwader was given the honorific name Horst Wessel on 24 March 1936. II Gruppe was formed on 15 March 1936 in Werl and was follow
The 86th Airlift Wing (86 AW) is a United States Air Force wing, currently assigned to the Third Air Force , United States Air Forces in Europe – Air Forces Africa . The 86th AW is stationed at Ramstein Air Base , Germany. United States Air Force wing "86th Fighter Wing" redirects here. For the 86th
#8 57th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron
The 57th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron , also known as "The Black Knights of Keflavik", [ citation needed ] is an inactive United States Air Force unit. The 57 FIS was last stationed at Naval Air Station Keflavik , Iceland . It was inactivated on 1 March 1995. 57th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron 57th F
The 148th Aero Squadron was a unit of the United States Army Air Service that fought on the Western Front during World War I . 148th Aero Squadron 148th Aero Squadron preparing for a daylight raid on German trenches and cities, Petite Synthe , France, 6 August 1918 Active 11 November 1917 – 24 March
#10 410 Tactical Fighter Operational Training Squadron
410 Tactical Fighter Operational Training Squadron (French: 410 e Escadron d'entraînement opérationnel à l'appui tactique ), nicknamed the "Cougars", is a Royal Canadian Air Force aircraft squadron currently located at Canada's primary training base for the CF-18 (Canadian Forces version of the McDo
Marine Aircraft Group 24 (MAG-24) is a United States Marine Corps aviation unit based at Marine Corps Air Facility Kaneohe Bay . MAG-24 is subordinate to the 1st Marine Aircraft Wing [2] and the III Marine Expeditionary Force (III MEF) . [3] Marine Aircraft Group 24 MAG-24 Insignia Active 1 March 19
VA-55 , nicknamed the Warhorses , was an Attack Squadron of the U.S. Navy . The squadron was established at NAS Oceana , Virginia, on 7 October 1983, and flew the A-6E and KA-6D variants of the Grumman A-6 Intruder . It was disestablished on 1 January 1991, having been based at NAS Oceana during its
The 35th Fighter Squadron is a United States Air Force unit, assigned to the 8th Operations Group , stationed at Kunsan Air Base , South Korea. The squadron operates the General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon aircraft conducting air superiority missions. United States Air Force combat squadron 35th F
#14 List of Royal Flying Corps squadrons
A list of Royal Flying Corps squadrons with date and location of foundation. This article needs additional citations for verification . ( February 2016 ) The Royal Flying Corps (RFC) was the aviation arm of the British Army . Squadrons were the main form of flying unit from its foundation on 13 Apri
The 45th Fighter Squadron is a United States Air Force Reserve unit. It is assigned to the Air Force Reserve Command 's (AFRC) 924th Fighter Group and stationed at Davis–Monthan Air Force Base , Arizona. The squadron currently flies the Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II . US Air Force Reserve u
#16 Jagdstaffel 63
Royal Prussian Jagdstaffel 63 , commonly abbreviated to Jasta 63 , was a "hunting group" (i.e., fighter squadron) of the Luftstreitkräfte , the air arm of the Imperial German Army during World War I . The squadron would score 16 aerial victories during the war. The unit's victories came at the expen
No. 27 Squadron of the Royal Air Force operates the Boeing Chinook from RAF Odiham . Flying squadron of the Royal Air Force No. 27 Squadron RAF Squadron badge Active 5 Nov 1915 – 22 Jan 1920 1 Apr 1920 – 18 Feb 1942 19 Sep1942 – 1 Feb 1946 1 Nov 1947 – 10 Nov 1950 15 Jun 1953 – 31 Dec 1957 1 Apr 196
No. 246 Squadron RAF was a squadron of the Royal Air Force . No. 246 Squadron RAF Active 18 August 1918 – 24 March 1919 1 September 1942 – 30 April 1943 11 October 1944 – 15 October 1946 Country United Kingdom Branch Royal Air Force Insignia Squadron Codes VU (Dec 1944 – Oct 1946) Military unit
Number 30 Squadron of the Royal Air Force operates the Airbus A400M Atlas transport aircraft and is based at RAF Brize Norton , Oxfordshire . Flying squadron of the Royal Air Force No. 30 Squadron RAF Squadron badge Active 24 March 1915 – 1 April 1918 ( RFC ) 1 April 1918 – 1 April 1946 ( RAF ) 1 No
The 370th Fighter Group was a unit of the Ninth Air Force that was located in the European Theater of Operations during World War II . [1] [2] 370th Fighter Group 370th Fighter Group P-38 Lightning Texas Jewell II Country United States Branch United States Army Air Forces Motto(s) Militat quasi ti
Radar, Airborne Interception, Mark VIII , or AI Mk. VIII for short, was the first operational microwave -frequency air-to-air radar . It was used by Royal Air Force night fighters from late 1941 until the end of World War II . The basic concept, using a moving parabolic antenna to search for targets
Francis Stewart Briggs (18 September 1897 – 21 July 1966) was a pioneering Australian aviator. Frank Briggs learnt to fly with the Royal Flying Corps in the First World War . During the Peace Conference in 1919 he flew delegates between London and Paris and was the personal pilot of Australia's Prim
Barry Hill Palmer (born November 10, 1937) is an American aeronautical engineer (UC Berkeley, 1961), inventor, builder and pilot of the first hang glider based on the Rogallo wing or flexible wing . Palmer also designed, built and flew the first weight-shift ultralight trike aircraft. Barry Hill Pal
Aluru Seelin Kiran Kumar (born 22 Oct 1952) is an Indian space scientist and former chairman of the Indian Space Research Organisation , having assumed office on 14 January 2015. [1] He is credited with the development of key scientific instruments aboard the Chandrayaan-1 and Mangalyaan space craft
Air Commodore Charles Rumney Samson , CMG , DSO & Bar , AFC (8 July 1883 – 5 February 1931) was a British naval aviation pioneer. He was one of the first four officers selected for pilot training by the Royal Navy and was the first person to fly an aircraft from a moving ship. He also commanded th
Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin ( German : Ferdinand Adolf Heinrich August Graf von Zeppelin ; [1] 8 July 1838 – 8 March 1917) was a German general and later inventor of the Zeppelin rigid airships. His name soon became synonymous with airships and dominated long-distance flight until the 1930s. He f
Richard William Pearse (3 December 1877 – 29 July 1953) was a New Zealand farmer and inventor who performed pioneering aviation experiments. Witnesses interviewed many years afterward describe observing Pearse flying and landing a powered heavier-than-air machine on 31 March 1903, nine months befo
Heriberto Gil Martinez (24 November 1903 – May 21, 1933) was a Colombian soldier. Heriberto Gil Martínez Born ( 1903-11-24 ) November 24, 1903 Tulua (Valle del Cauca) , Colombia Died May 21, 1933 (1933-05-21) (aged 29) Caucayá (now Puerto Leguizamo ) -( Putumayo Department ), Colombia Cause of d
#8 Ken Blackburn (aeronautical engineer)
Ken Blackburn (born March 24, 1963) is the former Guinness World Record holder for paper airplanes (time aloft). His first set the record in 1983 (16.89 seconds), resetting it in 1987 (17.2 sec), 1994 (18.8 sec) lost the record in 1996 and set the record of 27.6 seconds on 10/8/98 in the Georgia Dom
Preston Albert Watson (17 October 1880 – 30 June 1915) was a Scottish aviation pioneer, who conceived his own original method of controlling an aeroplane in flight. This was his rocking wing method of lateral control, which consisted of a secondary smaller wing mounted above the main wing on an A-fr
#10 Edward N. Hall
Edward Nathaniel Hall (4 August 1914 – 15 January 2006) was a leading missile development engineer working for the United States and its allies in World War II and the late 20th century. He is known as the father of the Minuteman intercontinental ballistic missile . American engineer (1914–2006) E
#11 Karl Arnstein
Karl Arnstein (March 24, 1887, Prague – December 12, 1974, Bryan, Ohio ) was one of the most important 20th century airship engineers and designers in Germany and the United States of America . He was born in Prague , Bohemia (now the Czech Republic ) to Jewish parents. He developed stress analysis
#12 Igor Sikorsky
Igor Ivanovich Sikorsky ( Russian : И́горь Ива́нович Сико́рский , tr. Ígor' Ivánovich Sikórskiy ; May 25, 1889 – October 26, 1972) [4] was a Russian–American [1] [2] [3] aviation pioneer in both helicopters and fixed-wing aircraft . His first success came with the S-2 , the second aircraft of his
#13 List of pilots awarded an Aviator's Certificate by the Royal Aero Club in 1914
The Royal Aero Club issued Aviators Certificates from 1910. These were internationally recognised under the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale .
Alberto Santos-Dumont ( Palmira , 20 July 1873 — Guarujá , 23 July 1932) was a Brazilian aeronaut , sportsman, inventor, [1] [2] and one of the few people to have contributed significantly to the early development of both lighter-than-air and heavier-than-air aircraft. The heir of a wealthy family o
Arthur Emmons Raymond (March 24, 1899 in Boston Massachusetts – March 22, 1999 in Santa Monica , California ) was an aeronautical engineer who led the team that designed the DC-3 . For other people named Arthur Raymond, see Arthur Raymond (disambiguation) . This article needs additional citations fo
Jonathan Edward Caldwell (born March 24, 1883, date of death unknown) was a self-taught aeronautical engineer who designed a series of bizarre aircraft and started public companies in order to finance their construction. None of these was ever successful, and after his last known attempt in the late
#17 Lawrence Coombes
Lawrence Percival Coombes DFC , CBE (9 April 1899 – 3 June 1988) was a British-Australian aeronautical engineer who served as the first Chief Superintendent of the Australian Aeronautical Research Laboratories from 1938 until 1964. He had previously worked at the Royal Aircraft Establishment from 19
#18 List of pilots awarded an Aviator's Certificate by the Aéro-Club de France in 1910
The Aéro-Club de France issued Aviators Certificates from 1909. These were internationally recognised under the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale .
Organization devoted to the history of early pilots 39 aviators who died between 1908 and 1912 38 more aviators who died between 1908 and 1912 1936 signatures of Early Birds in recognition of the contribution of Earl Ovington to the First Regular Air Mail service, formally presented to his wife afte
Albert Tissandier (1839 – 5 September 1906) was a French architect , aviator , illustrator , editor and archaeologist . He was the brother of adventurer Gaston Tissandier with whom he collaborated in writing the magazine La Nature , a French language scientific journal aimed at the popularization of
#1 General Electric/Rolls-Royce F136
The General Electric/Rolls-Royce F136 was an advanced turbofan engine being developed by General Electric and Rolls-Royce plc for the Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II . The two companies stopped work on the project in December 2011 after failing to gather Pentagon support for further development. N
The Rolls-Royce Trent 700 is a high-bypass turbofan produced by Rolls-Royce plc to power the Airbus A330 . Rolls-Royce was studying a RB211 development for the A330 at its launch in June 1987. It was first selected by Cathay Pacific in April 1989, first ran in summer 1992, was certified in January 1
#3 Turboprop
A turboprop engine is a turbine engine that drives an aircraft propeller . [1] Turbine engine driving an aircraft propeller Not to be confused with propfan or turbofan . GE T64 turboprop, with the propeller on the left, the gearbox with accessories in the middle, and the gas generator (turbine) on t
This is a list of aviation -related events from 1948: Years in aviation : 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 Centuries : 19th century · 20th century · 21st century Decades : 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s Years : 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 19
#2 Aeroflot accidents and incidents in the 1970s
Aeroflot , the Soviet Union 's national carrier , experienced a number of serious accidents and incidents during the 1970s. The airline's worst accident during the decade took place in August 1979 ( 1979-08 ) , when two Tupolev Tu-134s were involved in a mid-air collision over the Ukrainian city
Flydubai Flight 981 was a scheduled international passenger flight from Dubai International Airport , in the United Arab Emirates, to Rostov-on-Don Airport , Russia. On 19 March 2016, the Boeing 737-800 aircraft serving the flight crashed during a go-around , killing all 62 passengers and crew on bo
#4 List of Soviet aircraft losses during the Soviet–Afghan War
The following is a partial and unofficial list of helicopter and airplane crashes, accidents and shotdowns that occurred during the Soviet–Afghan War of 1979–89. In total, at least 333 helicopters and 118 Soviet jets were reported lost during the war. [1] This transport-related list is incomplete ;
This is a list of aviation -related events from 1999: Years in aviation : 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Centuries : 19th century · 20th century · 21st century Decades : 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s Years : 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 20
#6 List of accidents and incidents involving the Douglas DC-4
The Douglas DC-4 is a piston-engine airliner and transport aircraft built by the Douglas Aircraft Company from 1942 to 1947. The type was originally designed as a commercial airliner, but until the end of World War II , all were built as military transports . After the war, many of these military ai
During the 1990s, a series of issues affecting the rudder of Boeing 737 passenger aircraft resulted in multiple incidents. In two separate accidents, pilots lost control of their aircraft due to a sudden and unexpected rudder movement, and the resulting crashes killed everyone on board, 157 people i
#8 List of accidents and incidents involving airliners by airline (A–C)
This list of accidents and incidents involving airliners by airline summarizes airline accidents and all kinds of minor incidents by airline company with flight number, location, date, aircraft type, and cause. This article needs additional citations for verification . ( June 2012 ) JetBlue Flight 2
This is a list of aviation -related events from 1918: Years in aviation : 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 Centuries : 19th century · 20th century · 21st century Decades : 1880s 1890s 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s Years : 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 19
#10 1979 Dniprodzerzhynsk mid-air collision
On 11 August 1979, a mid-air collision occurred over the Ukrainian SSR , near the city of Dniprodzerzhynsk (now Kamianske ). The aircraft involved were both Tupolev Tu-134As on scheduled domestic passenger flights, operated by Aeroflot . All 178 people aboard both aircraft died in the accident. The
#11 1974 in aviation
This is a list of aviation -related events from 1974: Years in aviation : 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 Centuries : 19th century · 20th century · 21st century Decades : 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s Years : 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 19
#12 List of mid-air collisions and incidents in the United Kingdom
A number of mid-air collisions and incidents have taken place in the United Kingdom. This article needs additional citations for verification . ( July 2013 )
#13 1920 in aviation
This is a list of aviation -related events from 1920: Years in aviation : 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 Centuries : 19th century · 20th century · 21st century Decades : 1890s 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s Years : 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 19
#14 List of accidents and incidents involving the Vickers Viscount
As World War II came to a close the British government realised that it was going to have to drastically change its air manufacturing industry to avoid becoming dependent on American aircraft companies. To address this issue the Brabazon Committee was formed in 1943 to investigate the future needs o
Germanwings Flight 9525 [1] was a scheduled international passenger flight from Barcelona–El Prat Airport in Spain to Düsseldorf Airport in Germany. The flight was operated by Germanwings , a low-cost carrier owned by the German airline Lufthansa . On 24 March 2015, the aircraft, an Airbus A320-211
#16 List of accidents and incidents involving the Antonov An-24
The Antonov An-24 has suffered 159 accidents with a total of 2,134 fatalities.
#17 USAir Flight 427
USAir Flight 427 was a scheduled flight from Chicago 's O'Hare International Airport to Palm Beach International Airport , Florida, with a stopover at Pittsburgh International Airport . On Thursday, September 8, 1994, the Boeing 737 flying this route crashed in Hopewell Township, Pennsylvania while
#18 1952 in aviation
This is a list of aviation -related events from 1952: Years in aviation : 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 Centuries : 19th century · 20th century · 21st century Decades : 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s Years : 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 19
#19 1919 in aviation
This is a list of aviation -related events from 1919: Wikimedia list article Years in aviation : 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 Centuries : 19th century · 20th century · 21st century Decades : 1880s 1890s 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s Years : 1916 1917 1918
#20 1944 in aviation
This is a list of aviation -related events from 1944: Years in aviation : 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 Centuries : 19th century · 20th century · 21st century Decades : 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s Years : 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 19
The General Aircraft Limited GAL. 49 Hamilcar or Hamilcar Mark I was a large British military glider produced during the Second World War , which was designed to carry heavy cargo, such as the Tetrarch or M22 Locust light tank . When the British airborne establishment was formed in 1940 by the order
The Airspeed AS.51 Horsa was a British troop-carrying glider used during the Second World War . It was developed and manufactured by Airspeed Limited , alongside various subcontractors; the type was named after Horsa , the legendary 5th-century conqueror of southern Britain. British WWII troop-carry
ASSET , or Aerothermodynamic Elastic Structural Systems Environmental Tests was an experimental US space project involving the testing of an uncrewed sub-scale reentry vehicle . ASSET ( Aerothermodynamic Elastic Structural Systems Environmental Tests ) Preserved ASSET vehicle at USAF Museum, Dayton,
#1 Sikorsky CH-53 Sea Stallion
The CH-53 Sea Stallion ( Sikorsky S-65 ) is an American family of heavy-lift transport helicopters designed and built by Sikorsky Aircraft . Originally developed for use by the United States Marine Corps , it is currently in service with Germany, Iran, and Israel. The United States Air Force operate
#2 List of flights by Ingenuity helicopter on Mars
The NASA helicopter Ingenuity on Mars made the first powered controlled flights by an aircraft on a planet other than Earth. [1] [2] Its first flight was April 19, 2021, after landing February 18 attached to the underside of the Perseverance rover. [3] Ingenuity weighs 1.8 kilograms (4.0 lb) and i
The Boeing AH-64 Apache ( / ə ˈ p æ tʃ i / ) is an American twin- turboshaft attack helicopter with a tailwheel-type landing gear arrangement and a tandem cockpit for a crew of two. It features a nose-mounted sensor suite for target acquisition and night vision systems . It is armed with a 30 mm (
#4 List of helicopter prison escapes
There have been multiple prison escapes where an inmate escapes by means of a helicopter . One of the earliest instances was the escape of Joel David Kaplan, nicknamed "Man Fan", on August 19, 1971, from the Santa Martha Acatitla in Mexico. [3] Kaplan was a New York businessman who not only escaped
The NASA helicopter Ingenuity on Mars made the first powered controlled flights by an aircraft on a planet other than Earth. [1] [2] Its first flight was April 19, 2021, after landing February 18 attached to the underside of the Perseverance rover. [3] Ingenuity weighs 1.8 kilograms (4.0 lb) and i
The Westland WS-61 Sea King is a British licence-built version of the American Sikorsky S-61 helicopter of the same name, built by Westland Helicopters . The aircraft differs considerably from the American version, with Rolls-Royce Gnome engines (derived from the US General Electric T58 ), British-m
Bombardier Aviation is a division of Bombardier Inc. It is headquartered in Dorval , Quebec , Canada. [2] Its most popular aircraft included the Dash 8 Series 400 , CRJ100/200/440 , and CRJ700/900/1000 lines of regional airliners , and the newer CSeries . It also manufactured the Bombardier 415 amph
#2 Comac
The Commercial Aircraft Corporation of China, Ltd. ( COMAC , Chinese : 中国商用飞机有限责任公司 ) is a Chinese state-owned aerospace manufacturer established on 11 May 2008 in Shanghai . [3] The headquarters are in Pudong , Shanghai. [4] The company has a registered capital of RMB 19 billion ( US$2.7 billion as
#3 Supermarine
Supermarine was a British aircraft manufacturer that is most famous for producing the Spitfire fighter plane during World War II as well as a range of seaplanes and flying boats , and a series of jet-powered fighter aircraft after World War II. The company had successes in the Schneider Trophy for s
The Cierva Autogiro Company was a British firm established in 1926 to develop the autogyro . The company was set up to further the designs of Juan de la Cierva , a Spanish engineer and pilot, with the financial backing of James George Weir , a Scottish industrialist and aviator. Cierva Autogiro Comp
#5 China Aircraft Services Limited
China Aircraft Services Limited ( Chinese : 中國飛機服務有限公司 ), better known as CASL ( Chinese : 中飛 ), is a major provider of aircraft line and base maintenance, ground support equipment services, and cabin cleaning services at Hong Kong International Airport . Provider of aircraft line and base maintenan
#1 Flying Heritage & Combat Armor Museum
The Flying Heritage & Combat Armor Museum is a 501c(3) nonprofit organization dedicated to the display and preservation of rare military aircraft, tanks and other military equipment. Aviation museum in Everett, Washington Flying Heritage & Combat Armor Museum The collection's Polikarpov Po-2 on disp
The MIM-104 Patriot is a surface-to-air missile (SAM) system, the primary of its kind used by the United States Army and several allied states. It is manufactured by the U.S. defence contractor Raytheon and derives its name from the radar component of the weapon system. The AN/MPQ-53 at the heart of
#2 List of Syrian civil war barrel bomb attacks
A barrel bomb is a type of improvised explosive device used extensively by the Syrian Air Force during the Syrian civil war . They are typically made from a barrel that has been filled with High Explosives , along with shrapnel and/or oil . In Syria they are typically dropped from a helicopter . [1]
#3 2K12 Kub
The 2K12 "Kub" ( Russian : 2К12 "Куб" ; English: cube ) ( NATO reporting name : SA-6 "Gainful" ) mobile surface-to-air missile system is a Soviet low to medium-level air defence system designed to protect ground forces from air attack. "2К12" is the GRAU designation of the system. "SA-6" redirects h
#4 Barak 1
Barak ( Hebrew : ברק , lightning ) is an Israeli surface-to-air missile (SAM) designed to be used as a ship-borne point-defense missile system against aircraft, anti-ship missiles , and UAVs . Short range surface-to-air missile Barak I Barak 1 Type Short range surface-to-air missile Place of ori
#5 AGM-88 HARM
The AGM-88 HARM (High-speed Anti-Radiation Missile) is a tactical, air-to-surface anti-radiation missile designed to home in on electronic transmissions coming from surface-to-air radar systems. It was originally developed by Texas Instruments as a replacement for the AGM-45 Shrike and AGM-78 Standa