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The Lockheed Martin X-59 QueSST ("Quiet SuperSonic Technology") is an American experimental supersonic aircraft being developed at Skunk Works for NASA's Low-Boom Flight Demonstrator project.[2] Preliminary design started in February 2016, with the X-59 to be delivered to NASA in 2021 for flight testing in 2022. It is expected to cruise at Mach 1.42 (1,510 km/h; 937 mph) at an altitude of 55,000 ft (16,800 m), creating a low 75 Perceived Level decibel (PLdB) thump to evaluate supersonic transport acceptability.

X-59 QueSST
Low-Boom Flight Demonstrator
Role	Experimental supersonic aircraft Type of aircraft
National origin	United States
Manufacturer	Lockheed Martin
First flight	Late 2022 (planned)[1]
Primary user	NASA

Development

In February 2016, Lockheed Martin was awarded a preliminary design contract, aiming to fly in the 2020 timeframe.[3] A 9% scale model was to be wind tunnel tested from Mach 0.3 to Mach 1.6 between February and April 2017.[4] The preliminary design review was to be completed by June 2017.[5] While NASA received three inquiries for its August 2017 request for proposals, Lockheed was the sole bidder.[6]

On April 2, 2018, NASA awarded Lockheed Martin a $247.5 million contract to design, build and deliver in late 2021 the Low-Boom X-plane. On June 26, 2018, the US Air Force informed NASA it had assigned the X-59 QueSST designation to the demonstrator.[7] By October, NASA Langley had completed three weeks of wind tunnel testing of an 8%-scale model, with high AOAs up to 50° and 88° at very low speed, up from 13° in previous tunnel campaigns.[8] Testing was for static stability and control, dynamic forced oscillations, and laser flow visualization, expanding on previous experimental and computational predictions.[9]

From November 5, 2018, NASA was to begin tests over two weeks to gather feedback: up to eight thumps a day at different locations will be monitored by 20 noise sensors and described by 400 residents, receiving a $25 per week compensation. To simulate the thump, an F/A-18 Hornet is diving from 50,000 ft (15,200 m) to briefly go supersonic for reduced shock waves over Galveston, Texas, an island, and a stronger boom over water.[10] By then, Lockheed Martin had begun milling the first part in Palmdale, California.[11]

In May 2019, the initial major structural parts were loaded in the tooling assembly.[12] In June, assembly was getting underway.[13] The external vision system (XVS) was flight tested on a King Air at NASA Langley.[14] This will be followed by high speed wind tunnel tests to verify inlet performance predictions with a 9.5%-scale model at NASA Glenn Research Center. The critical design review was successfully held on September 9–13, before the IRB report to NASA's Integrated Aviation Systems Program by November.[15] Then, 80–90% of the drawings should be released to engineering.[12] The wing assembly was to be completed in 2020.[13] In December 2020, construction was halfway completed, and first flight was then planned for 2022.[16]

After flight-clearance testing at the Armstrong Flight Research Center, an acoustic validation will include air-to-air Schlieren imaging backlit by the Sun to confirm the shockwave pattern until September 2022.[6] NASA will conduct flight tests over U.S. cities to verify the safety and performance of the X-59's quiet supersonic technologies and evaluate community responses for regulators, which could enable commercial supersonic travel over land.[17]

Community-response flight tests starting in 2023–2025 will be used for ICAO's Committee on Aviation Environmental Protection meeting (CAEP13) establishing a sonic boom standard.[6] The results of the community overflights will be delivered to the ICAO and the FAA in 2027, allowing for a decision to be made to revise the rules on commercial supersonic travel over land in 2028.[1]

Design

The Low-Boom X-plane will be 94 ft (29 m) long with a 29.5 ft (9.0 m) wingspan for a maximum takeoff weight of 32,300 lb (14,700 kg). Propelled by a General Electric F414 engine, it should reach a maximum speed of Mach 1.5 or 990 mph (1,590 km/h), and cruise at Mach 1.42 or 940 mph (1,510 km/h) at 55,000 ft (16,800 m).[18] The cockpit, ejection seat and canopy come from a Northrop T-38 and the landing gear from an F-16 Fighting Falcon.[6] Its engine will provide 22,000 lbf (98 kN) of thrust.[19]

The ground noise is expected to be around 60 dB(A), about 1/1000 as loud as current supersonic aircraft. This is achieved by using a long, narrow airframe and canards to keep the shock waves from coalescing.[5] It should create a 75 Perceived Level decibel (PLdB) thump on ground, as loud as closing a car door, compared with 105-110 PLdB for the Concorde.[6] The central engine has a top-mounted intake for low boom, but inlet flow distortion due to vortices is a concern.[12]

The flush cockpit means that the long and pointed nose-cone will obstruct all forward vision. The X-59 will use an enhanced flight vision system (EVS), consisting of a forward 4K camera with a 33° by 19° angle of view, which will compensate for the lack of forward visibility.[6][20]

United Technologies subsidiary Collins Aerospace was selected to supply its Pro Line Fusion Cockpit avionics, displaying the boom on the ground, and EVS with long-wave infrared sensors.[21] The Collins EVS-3600 multispectral imaging system, beneath the nose, is used for landing, while the NASA external vision system (XVS), in front of the cockpit, is giving a forward view.[12]

See also

• Quiet Spike
• Gulfstream X-54
• Shaped Sonic Boom Demonstration

Related lists

• List of X-planes

References

External links

• "Quiet Supersonic Technology X-Plane". Lockheed Martin. September 2, 2021.
• "Low-Boom Flight Demonstration". NASA. February 15, 2018.

На других языках

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[de] Lockheed Martin X-59

Die Lockheed Martin X-59 QueSST (für „Quiet Supersonic Transport“) ist ein von der NASA beauftragter und im Bau befindlicher Technologieerprobungsträger zur Entwicklung eines leisen überschallschnellen Passagierflugzeugs.[2]

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- [en] Lockheed Martin X-59 QueSST

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[fr] Lockheed Martin X-59 QueSST

Le Lockheed Martin X-59 QueSST (« Quiet Supersonic Transport ») est un avion supersonique expérimental américain en cours de développement aux Skunk Works de Lockheed Martin pour le programme Low-Boom Flight Demonstrator de la NASA. Le but de cet avion est de mener des expériences afin de réduire le bruit du bang supersonique.

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[it] Lockheed Martin X-59 QueSST

Il Lockheed Martin X-59 QueSST (noto in precedenza come Low-Boom Flight Demonstrator, Quiet Supersonic Technology) è un velivolo sperimentale a basso boom sonico in via di sviluppo da parte della NASA e costruito da Lockheed Martin.[1] Il design preliminare venne avviato a febbraio 2016 e si prevede il primo volo prova più tardi nel 2022.

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[ru] Lockheed Martin X-59 QueSST

Lockheed Martin X-59 QueSST («Quiet Supersonic Transport», «Бесшумный сверхзвуковой транспорт») — американский экспериментальный сверхзвуковой самолёт, разрабатываемый в Skunk Works по программе NASA Low-Boom Flight Demonstrator[1]. Предварительное проектирование началось в феврале 2016 года, передача Х-59 НАСА запланирована на конец 2021 года, лётные испытания с 2022 года.

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