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The Rolls-Royce Vulture was a British aero engine developed shortly before World War II that was designed and built by Rolls-Royce Limited. The Vulture used the unusual "X-24" configuration, whereby four cylinder blocks derived from the Rolls-Royce Peregrine were joined by a common crankshaft supported by a single crankcase. The engine was originally designed to produce around 1,750 horsepower (1,300 kW) but problems with the Vulture design meant that the engines were derated to around 1,450 to 1,550 hp in service by limiting the maximum rpm.

Vulture
Type	X-24 Piston aero engine
Manufacturer	Rolls-Royce Limited
First run	May 1937
Major applications	Avro Manchester Blackburn B-20
Number built	538

Although several new aircraft designs had been planned to use the Vulture, work on the engine's design ended in 1941 as Rolls-Royce concentrated on their more successful Merlin design. Another 24-cylinder engine, the Napier Sabre, proved more successful after a lengthy development period.

Design and development

The supercharged Rolls-Royce Kestrel and its derivative, the Rolls-Royce Peregrine, were fairly standard designs, with two cylinder banks arranged in a V form and with a displacement of 21 litres (1,300 cu in). The Vulture was, in effect, two Peregrines joined by a new crankcase turning a new crankshaft, producing an X engine configuration with a displacement of 42 litres (2,600 cu in). The Vulture used cylinders of the same bore and stroke as the Peregrine, but the cylinder spacing was increased to accommodate a longer crankshaft, necessary for extra main bearings and wider crankpins.[1][2]

The engine suffered from an abbreviated development period because Rolls-Royce suspended Vulture development in 1940 during the Battle of Britain to concentrate on the Merlin, which powered the RAF's two main fighters, the Hawker Hurricane and Supermarine Spitfire, and as a consequence the reliability of the Vulture when it entered service was very poor. Apart from delivering significantly less than the designed power, the Vulture suffered from frequent failures of the connecting rod big end bearings, which was found to be caused by a breakdown in lubrication, and also from heat dissipation problems. Rolls-Royce were initially confident that they could solve the problems, but the company's much smaller Merlin was already nearing the same power level as the Vulture's original specification,[lower-roman 1] in part because of its accelerated development in 1940, and so production of the Vulture was discontinued after only 538 had been built.[3]

Applications

The Vulture had been intended to power the Hawker Tornado interceptor but with the cancellation of Vulture development, Hawker abandoned the Tornado and concentrated on the Hawker Typhoon, which was powered by the Napier Sabre. The cancellation caused the abandonment of the Vulture-engined version of the Vickers Warwick bomber. The only aircraft type designed for the Vulture to go into production was the twin-engined Avro Manchester. When the engine reliability problems became clear, the Avro team persuaded the Air Ministry that switching to a four-Merlin version of the Manchester, which had been in development as a contingency, was preferable to retooling Avro factories to make the Handley Page Halifax. The resulting aircraft was initially called the Manchester Mark III and then subsequently renamed Avro Lancaster, going on to great success as the RAF's leading heavy bomber.

Application list

• Avro Manchester
• Blackburn B-20
• Hawker Henley[lower-roman 2]
• Hawker Tornado
• Vickers Warwick

Specifications (Vulture V)

Data from Lumsden and Gunston. [4][5]

General characteristics

• Type: X-24 supercharged liquid-cooled piston engine
• Bore: 5 in (127 mm)
• Stroke: 5.5 in (139.7 mm)
• Displacement: 2,592 cu in (42.47 L)
• Dry weight: 2,450 lb (1,111 kg)

Components

• Valvetrain: Overhead camshaft
• Supercharger: Gear-driven centrifugal type supercharger, two-speed, single-stage
• Fuel system: Downdraught S.U. carburettor
• Fuel type: 100/130 Octane petrol
• Cooling system: Liquid-cooled, 70% water/30% Ethylene glycol
• Reduction gear: Spur geared via layshaft, 0.35:1 reduction ratio, left-hand tractor

Performance

• Power output: 1,780 hp at 2,850 rpm, +6 psi boost
• Compression ratio: 6:1

See also

• Rolls-Royce aircraft piston engines

Comparable engines

• Rolls-Royce Exe
• Daimler-Benz DB 604
• Napier Sabre

Related lists

• List of aircraft engines

References

Notes

Bibliography

• Gunston, Bill. Rolls-Royce Aero Engines. Cambridge, England. Patrick Stephens, 1989. ISBN 1-85260-037-3
• Gunston, Bill. World Encyclopedia of Aero Engines: From the Pioneers to the Present Day. 5th edition, Stroud, UK: Sutton, 2006.ISBN 0-7509-4479-X
• Kirby, Robert. Avro Manchester: The Legend Behind the Lancaster. Earl Shilton, Leicester, UK: Midland publishing Limited, 1995. ISBN 1-85780-028-1
• Lumsden, Alec. British Piston Aero-Engines and their Aircraft. Marlborough, Wiltshire: Airlife Publishing, 2003. ISBN 1-85310-294-6.
• Rubbra, A.A. Rolls-Royce Piston Aero Engines - a Designer Remembers: Historical Series no 16: Rolls Royce Heritage Trust, 1990. ISBN 1-872922-00-7.
• White, Graham. Allied Aircraft Piston Engines of World War II: History and Development of Frontline Aircraft Piston Engines Produced by Great Britain and the United States During World War II. Warrendale, Pennsylvania: SAE International, 1995. ISBN 1-56091-655-9

На других языках

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[de] Rolls-Royce Vulture

Der Rolls-Royce Vulture ist einer der letzten kolbengetriebenen Flugmotoren, die von Rolls-Royce gebaut wurden. Er wurde Ende der 1930er- bis in die 1940er-Jahre entwickelt. Seine Entwicklung wurde jedoch nicht abgeschlossen, weswegen er meist an Überhitzungs- und Schmierungsproblemen krankte. So erreichte er auch nie die Serienproduktion.

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- [en] Rolls-Royce Vulture

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[es] Rolls-Royce Vulture

El Rolls Royce Vulture fue un motor aeronáutico de la época de la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Usaba una inusual configuración en "X24", en la que un par de motores V12 Rolls Royce Peregrine estaban unidos con un cigüeñal en común. El motor estaba diseñado originalmente para producir alrededor del 1750 hp, pero continuos problemas, tanto con el Vulture como con el Peregrine, hicieron que entregara solo 1.450-1.550 hp en servicio. A pesar de que varios nuevos diseños de aviones tenían planeado usar el Vulture, los trabajos en el diseño del motor finalizaron en 1941, y Rolls se concentró en el mucho más exitoso Merlin. Otro motor producido con el mismo criterio, el Napier Sabre, probó ser más exitoso, luego de un largo periodo de desconcierto.

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[fr] Rolls-Royce Vulture

Le Rolls-Royce Vulture est un moteur d'avion britannique de la Seconde Guerre mondiale qui a été conçu et construit par Rolls-Royce Limited. Le Vulture utilisait la configuration "X-24" (en) inhabituelle dans laquelle une paire de moteurs Peregrine-V12 ont été montés sur un vilebrequin commun. Le moteur a été conçu à l'origine pour produire environ 1 750 chevaux, mais des problèmes persistants sur les deux moteurs Vulture et Peregrine ont conduit à réduire la puissance à environ 1 450-1 550 ch.

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[it] Rolls-Royce Vulture

Il Rolls-Royce Vulture, derivato dal Rolls-Royce Peregrine, era un motore aeronautico a 24 cilindri dalla inusuale configurazione ad X. Insieme al Peregrine può essere considerato come uno dei motori meno riusciti prodotti dall'azienda britannica.

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[ru] Rolls-Royce Vulture

Роллс-Ройс Валчер (англ. Rolls-Royce Vulture) — британский авиационный мотор, разработанный незадолго до Второй мировой войны фирмой «Роллс-Ройс». Он представлял собой довольно необычный X-образный 24-цилиндровый двигатель, в котором использовались четыре шестицилиндровых блока от двигателя Kestrel, работающих на один вал и имеющих общий картер. Расчётная мощность составляла около 1780 л.с. (1309 кВт), но из-за последующих проблем с доводкой эксплуатационная мощность была понижена до 1450-1550 л.с. путём ограничения максимальных оборотов[1].

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