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RS-82 and RS-132 (Reaktivny Snaryad; Russian: Реактивный Снаряд; rocket-powered projectile) were unguided rockets used by Soviet military during World War II.


Development


Design work on RS-82 and RS-132 rockets began in the late 1920s, by the Gas Dynamics Laboratory (GDL)[1] led by Georgy Langemak,[2] and including Nikolai Tikhomirov, Vladimir Artemiev, Boris Petropavlovsky, Yuriy Pobedonostsev, and others. The 82 mm (3.2 in) and 132 mm (5.2 in) diameters were chosen because the standard smokeless gunpowder charge used at the time was 24 mm (0.94 in) in diameter and seven of these charges fitted into an 82 mm cylinder. The first test-firing of a solid fuel rocket was carried out in March 1928, which flew for about 1,300 meters[3] and in 1932 in-air test firings of RS-82 missiles from an Tupolev I-4 aircraft armed with six launchers successfully took place.[4] In 1933 GDL became part of the Reactive Scientific Research Institute, where development of the rockets continued. In 1937, aerodynamically efficient RO-82 rail launchers were designed for mounting these weapons on aircraft.


Operational history


RS-82
RS-82

RS-82 officially entered service in 1937 and RS-132 in 1938.[5] The RS-82 missiles were carried by Polikarpov I-15, I-16 and I-153 fighter planes, the Polikarpov R-5 reconnaissance plane and the Ilyushin Il-2 close air support plane, while the heavier RS-132 missiles could be carried by bombers.[6] Many small ships of the Soviet Navy were also fitted with the RS-82 missile, including the MO-class small guard ship.[1]

The earliest known use by the Soviet Air Force of aircraft-launched unguided anti-aircraft rockets in combat against heavier-than-air aircraft took place in August 1939, during the Battle of Khalkhin Gol.[1] A group of Polikarpov I-16 fighters under command of Captain N. Zvonarev were using RS-82 rockets against Japanese aircraft, shooting down 16 fighters and 3 bombers in total.[7] Six Tupolev SB bombers also used RS-132 for ground attack during the Winter War.

Like most unguided rockets, RS suffered from poor accuracy. Early testing demonstrated that, when fired from 500 m (1,640 ft), a mere 1.1% of 186 fired RS-82 hit a single tank and 3.7% hit a column of tanks. RS-132 accuracy was even worse, with no hits scored in 134 firings during one test. Combat accuracy was even worse, since the rockets were typically fired from even greater distances. The RS-82 could destroy a tank with a direct hit and the larger RS-132 could knock out a tank with a near miss.[8] Best results were usually attained when firing in salvos against large ground targets.

Almost every Soviet military aircraft of World War II was known to carry RS-82 and RS-132, often using field-made launchers. Some Ilyushin Il-2 were field-modified to carry up to 24 rockets although the added drag and the weight made this arrangement impractical. A total 12 million missiles of the RS-type were used by Soviet forces during World War II.[6]

RS-derived M-8 and M-13 rockets were used by the famous Katyusha rocket artillery.[9][6][8]


Variants



Specifications (RS-82)



Specifications (RS-132)



See also



References


  1. "Russian Rocket Projectiles – WWII". Weapons and Warfare. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
  2. Siddiqi, Asif (2000). Challenge to Apollo : the Soviet Union and the space race, 1945-1974 (PDF). Washington, D.C: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA History Div. p. 17. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
  3. Zak, Anatoly. "Gas Dynamics Laboratory". Russian Space Web. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
  4. Chertok, Boris (31 January 2005). Rockets and People (Volume 1 ed.). National Aeronautics and Space Administration. p. 165. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
  5. "Terrible fighting machine with a gentle maiden name". National Technical University of Ukraine. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
  6. Zak, Anatoly. "History of the Rocket Research Institute, RNII". Russian Space Web. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
  7. Maslov, Mikhail (2010). Polikarpov I-15, I-16 and I-153 Aces. Osprey Publishing. p. 51. ISBN 1-84603-981-9.
  8. Alway, Peter. Eighteen Rockets and Missiles of World War II. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
  9. "BM-13/8/31 Katyusha". World War II Database. Retrieved 29 May 2022.

Bibliography





На других языках

[de] RS-82

Die RS-82 und RS-132 (russisch PC-82 für Reaktiwny Snarjad, russisch Реактивный Снаряд) waren ungelenkte Luft-Boden-Raketen der Sowjetunion aus der Zeit des Zweiten Weltkrieges. Die RS-82 hatte eine maximale Reichweite von 5,2 km und ein Kaliber von 82 mm. Die Länge betrug 627 mm, die Leermasse 5,76 kg, die Treibstoffmasse 1,06 kg und die Gesamtmasse 6,82 kg. Die RS-132 besaß ein Kaliber von 132 mm und eine Länge von 935 mm.
- [en] RS-82 (rocket family)

[it] RS-82

L'RS-82 (in alfabeto cirillico PC-82 da реактивный снаряд) era un razzo non guidato a propellente solido ad uso aereo, sviluppato in Unione Sovietica dai tardi anni venti. La sigla utilizzata era relativa al diametro dell'ordigno, 82 mm.

[ru] РС-82

РС-82 и РС-132 (от рус. реактивный снаряд, калибра соответственно 82 и 132 мм) — неуправляемые авиационные боеприпасы (достигающие цели без коррекции траектории в процессе полёта) классов воздух — воздух и воздух — поверхность, оснащённые реактивным двигателем на бездымном порохе. Разработаны в СССР в период с 1929 по 1937 г. Широко использовались во время Великой Отечественной войны. Дальнейшим развитием РС-82 и РС-132 стали снаряды M-8 и М-13, использовавшиеся также в РСЗО класса поверхность — поверхность БМ-8 и БМ-13.


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