avia.wikisort.org - Design

A pusher aircraft is a type of aircraft using propellers placed behind the engines.
Puhers may be classified according to lifting surfaces layout (conventional or 3 surface, canard, joined wing, tailless and rotorcraft) as well as engine/propeller location and drive. For historical interest, pusher aircraft are also classified by date.
Some aircraft have a Push-pull configuration with both tractor and pusher engines. The list includes these even if the pusher engine is just added to a conventional layout (engines inside the wings or above the wing for example).

This article uses bare URLs, which are uninformative and vulnerable to link rot. (August 2022)

Conventional and three surface layouts

The conventional layout of an aircraft has wings ahead of the empennage.

Direct drive

Propeller ahead of tail

Between frames (Farman layout)

• Voisin-Farman I 1907, 60 built
• AEA June Bug 1908 experimental, 1 built
• Cody British Army Aeroplane No 1 1908, 1 built
• AEA Silver Dart 1909, first flight in Canada, 1 built
• Curtiss No. 1 1909 Golden Flyer biplane, 1 built
• Curtiss No. 2 1909 Reims racer biplane, 1 built
• Cody Michelin Cup Biplane 1910, 1 built
• Bristol Boxkite 1910 trainer, 78 built
• Howard Wright 1910 Biplane 1910, 7 built
• Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.1 1910 biplane, 1 built
• Wright Model B 1910 biplane 2 seater, about 100 built
• Cody Circuit of Britain biplane 1911, 1 built
• Curtiss Model D 1911 biplane, 1 seat
• Curtiss Model E 1911 biplane floatplane, 17+ built
• Baldwin Red Devil 1911 aerobatic biplane, 6 built
• Farman MF.7 1911 biplane, unk no. built
• Cody V biplane 1912, 2 built
• Cody VI biplane/floatplane 1913, 1 built
• Short S.38 1912, 48 built
• Farman HF.20 1913 military biplane, unk no. built
• Farman MF.11 1913 biplane, unk no. built
• Grahame-White Type X Charabanc 1913 transport, 1 built
• Short S.80 Nile Pusher Biplane Seaplane 1913, 1 built
• Grahame-White Type XV 1913 trainer, 135 built
• Sopwith Bat Boat 1913, 6 built

Between frames or booms (1915 and later)

• Breguet Bre.4 1914 2 seat military biplane, about 100 built
• Grahame-White Type XI 1914 reconnaissance biplane, 1 built
• Short S.81 1914, 1 built
• Sopwith Gunbus 1914, 35 built (including floatplanes)
• Vickers F.B.5 1914, 224 built
• Voisin III 1914 bomber, about 3200 built[1]
• Wight Pusher Seaplane 1914, 11 built
• Breguet Bre.5 1915 2 seat military biplane, unk no. built
• AD Scout 1915 interceptor, 4 built
• AGO C.II 1915 reconnaissance biplane, 15 built
• Airco DH.1 1915 biplane, 2 seat, 100 built,
• Airco DH.2 1915 biplane fighter, 453 built
• Avro 508 1915, 1 built
• Farman F.30 1915 military biplane, unk no. built
• Farman F.40 1915 military biplane, unk no. built
• Otto C.I 1915 reconnaissance biplane, unk no. built
• Pemberton-Billing P.B.25 1915 scout, 20 built
• Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.2 1915 military biplane, 1939 built
• Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.8 1915 biplane fighter, 295 built
• Voisin IV
• Voisin V 1915 bomber, about 350 built
• Breguet Bre.12 1916 2 seat military biplane, unk no. built
• Friedrichshafen FF.34 1916 patrol seaplane, 1 built
• Häfeli DH-1 1916 reconnaissance biplane, 6 built
• Vickers F.B.12 1916 fighter, about 22 built
• Voisin VII 1916 reconnaissance biplane, about 100 built
• Voisin VIII 1916 bomber, about 1,100 built
• Blackburn Triplane 1917 fighter, 1 built
• Curtiss Autoplane 1917 (hops only) roadable aircraft, 1 built
• Port Victoria P.V.4 1917 floatplane, 1 built.
• Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.9 1917 2 seat fighter, 3 built
• Royal Aircraft Factory N.E.1 1917 night fighter, 6 built
• Savoia-Pomilio SP.3 1917 reconnaissance biplane about 350 built
• Vickers F.B.26 Vampire 1917, 4 built
• Voisin IX 1917 reconnaissance biplane, 1 built
• Voisin X 1917 bomber, about 900 built
• Vickers VIM 1920, 35 built

Between booms

• Henderson H.S.F.1 1929 transport, 1 built[2]
• Hanriot H.110 1933 fighter, 1 built
• Stearman-Hammond Y-1 1934 safety airplane about 20 built
• de Schelde Scheldemusch 1935 1 seat biplane trainer, 6 built
• ITS-8 1936 motorglider monoplane, 2 built
• SCAL FB.30 Avion Bassou 1936 2 seat light aircraft, 2 built
• Abrams P-1 Explorer 1937, 1 built
• SAIMAN LB.2 1937 2 seat monoplane, 1 built
• Alliet-Larivière Allar 4, 1938 experimental 2 seat, 1 built [3]
• General Aircraft GAL.33 Cagnet 1939 trainer, 1 built
• WNF Wn 16 1939, Austrian experimental aircraft
• General Aircraft GAL.47 1940 observation, 1 built
• de Schelde S.21 1940 fighter mockup (unflown)
• Fane F.1/40 1941 observation monoplane, 1 built
• Saab 21 1943 fighter, 298 built
• Vultee XP-54 1943 fighter, 2 built
• Skoda-Kauba V6 1944 1 seat, 1 built[4]

1945 and later

• Convair 106 Skycoach 1946 4 seater, one built
• Fokker F.25 1946 4 seater, 20 built
• SECAN Courlis 1946 transport, unk no. built
• Anderson Greenwood AG-14 1947 2 seat experimental, 6 built [5]
• Heston JC.6/AOP 1947 2 seat reconnaissance, 2 built
• Alaparma Baldo 1949 1 seat, about 35 built
• SNCASO SO.8000 Narval 1949 naval fighter, 2 built
• Anderson Greenwood AG-14 1950 2 seats, 6 built
• SIAI-Marchetti FN.333 Riviera 1952 amphibie 4 seater, 29 built
• Potez 75 1953 reconnaissance, 1 built
• SIAI-Marchetti FN.333 Riviera 1962 4 seat amphibian, 29 built
• Akaflieg Stuttgart FS-26 Moseppl 1970 1 seat powered sailplane, unk no. built
• Cessna XMC 1971 research aircraft, 1 built
• Akaflieg Stuttgart FS-28 Avispa 1972 2 seat transport, 1 built
• Kortenbach & Rauh Kora 1973 Motor glider, 2 built
• Lartin Skylark 1973 Utility Prototype
• PZL M-17 1973 Trainer Prototype
• Edgley Optica 1979 ducted fan observation aircraft 21 built

1980 and later

• ADI Condor 1981 2 seat motorglider, unk no. built
• Acapella 200 1982 homebuilt, 1 built [6]
• Applebay Zia 1982 1 seat ultralight motorglider, 4 built
• Sadler Vampire 1982 Ultralight
• Spectrum SA-550 1983 Utility prototype, 2 built
• RTAF-5 1984 Trainer prototype
• Aero Dynamics Sparrow Hawk Mk.II 1984 Experimental 2 seater [7]
• NPO Molniya 1993 transport 6 seater, 2 built
• Yakovlev Yak-58 1993 Utility, 7 built
• HFL Stratos 300 1996 1 seat ultralight motorglider[8]
• NPP Aerorik Dingo 1997 multi-role amphibian (air cushion), 6 built[9]
• Toucan PJ-1B 1998 experimental 1 seat, one built[10]
• Creative Flight Aerocat 2001 Transport Prototype
• Airsport Song 2009 ultralight
• Northrop Grumman Firebird 2010 Reconnaissance Prototype
• Ion Aircraft Ion 2007 prototype 2 seater tandem, 1 built
• Terrafugia Transition 2009 roadable airplane 2 seater, 2 built
• WLT Sparrow 2010 Ultralight, 13 built
• Synergy Aircraft Synergy 2011 Double boxtail demonstrator electric powered 1/4 scale model, in development
• AHRLAC Holdings Ahrlac 2014 reconnaissance attack, 1 built
• Commuter Craft Innovator 2016 prototype 2 seater, 1 built [11][12]
• ISA 180 Seeker 2019 prototype monoplane [13]

Between booms / UAV's

• IAI Scout 1977 UAV drone
• AAI RQ-2 Pioneer1986 UAV drone
• EADS Harfang 2008 UAV drone

Between outboard tail booms

• Blohm & Voss P208 1944 fighter project [14]
• Skoda-Kauba SK SL6 1944 research one seat project

Coaxially in rear fuselage

• Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.3/A.E.1 1913 armoured biplane, 1 built
• Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.6, 1914, 1 built
• Gallaudet D-4 1918 seaplane, 2 built
• Vickers Type 161 1931 fighter prototype (with structural frame), 1 built
• Austria Krähe 1960 1 seat motorglider, unk no. built
• Brditschka HB-3 1971 2 seat motorglider, unk no. built
• Rhein Flugzeugbau RW 3 Multoplan 1955 27 built
• Rhein Flugzeugbau Sirius I 1969, 2 seats[15]
• RFB/Grumman American Fanliner 1973, 2 seats, 2 built
• RFB Fantrainer 1977, 2 seats, 47 built
• Buselec 2, 2010 project, with electric motor[16]

Nacelle above fuselage

WW1 or Before

• Curtiss Model F 1912 flying boat, 150+ built
• Benoist XIV 1913 transport flying boat, 2 built
• FBA Type A, B, C 1913 patrol flying boat, unk no. built
• Lohner E 1913, about 40 built
• Donnet-Denhaut flying boat 1915 patrol flying boat, about 1,085 built
• FBA Type H 1915 patrol flying boat, ~2000 built
• Grigorovich M-5 1915 patrol flying boat, about 300 built
• Lohner L, R and S 1915, 100+ built
• AD Flying Boat, Supermarine Channel & Sea Eagle 1916 patrol and airline flying boat, 27 built.
• Grigorovich M-9 1916 patrol flying boat, about 500 built
• Grigorovich M-11 1916 fighter flying boat, about 60 built
• Hansa-Brandenburg CC 1916 flying boat fighter, 73 built
• Macchi L.2 1916, reconnaissance flying boat, 17 built
• Macchi M.3 1916, reconnaissance flying boat, 200 built
• Norman Thompson N.T.4 1916 patrol flying boat, 72 built
• Oeffag-Mickl G 1916 trimotor patrol flying boat, 12 built
• Curtiss HS 1917 patrol flying boat, about 1,178 built
• Grigorovich M-15 1917 patrol flying boat, unk no. built
• Macchi M.5 1917, flying boat fighter, 244 built
• Norman Thompson N.T.2B 1917 flying boat trainer, 100+ built
• Tellier T.3 and Tc.6 1917 patrol flying boat, about 155 built
• Hansa-Brandenburg W.20 1918 U-boat flying boat, 3 built
• Macchi M.7 1918 flying boat fighter, 100+ built
• Macchi M.9 1918 flying boat bomber, 30 built
• Macchi M.12 1918 flying boat bomber, about 10 built
• Royal Aircraft Factory C.E.1 1918 flying boat, 2 built
• SIAI S.9 1918 flying boat, unk no. built
• SIAI S.12 1918 flying boat, 1 built
• Sperry Land and Sea Triplane 1918 patrol flying boat, 2 built
• Supermarine Baby 1918 flying boat fighter, 1 built

1920s

• Aeromarine 40 1919 flying boat trainer, 50 built
• Aeromarine 50 1919 transport flying boat, unk no. built
• Boeing B-1 1919 transport flying boat, 1 built
• SIAI S.13 1919 reconnaissance flying boat, unk no. built
• SIAI S.16 1919 flying boat, 100+ built
• Supermarine Sea Lion I & II 1919 racing flying boats, 2 built
• Vickers Viking, Vulture and Vanellus 1919 amphibious flying boats, 34 built.
• Vought VE-10 Batboat 1919 navy flying boat, 1 built
• Macchi M.18 1920 flying boat, 90+ built
• Supermarine Commercial Amphibian 1920, 1 built
• Supermarine Scarab 1923, 12 built
• Supermarine Seal 1921, 4+ built
• Supermarine Seagull 1921, 34 built
• CAMS 30 1922 flying boat trainer, 31 built
• CAMS 31 1922 flying boat fighter, 2 built
• Fokker B.I & III 1922 biplane reconnaissance flying boat, 2 built
• SIAI S.51 1922 racing flying boat, 1 built
• CAMS 38 1923 racing flying boat, 1 built
• FBA 17 1923 flying boat trainer, 300+ built
• Savoia-Marchetti S.57 1923 reconnaissance flying boat, 20 built
• Supermarine Sea Eagle 1923, 3 built
• Canadian Vickers Vedette 1924 forestry patrol flying boat, 60 built
• CANT 7 1924 flying boat trainer, 34 built
• Ikarus ŠM 1924 flying boat trainer, 42 built
• Macchi M.26 1924 flying boat fighter, 2 built
• CANT 10 1925 flying boat airliner, 18 built
• Rohrbach Ro VII Robbe 1925 flying boat, 3 built
• Savoia-Marchetti S.59 1925 reconnaissance flying boat, 240+ built
• CAMS 37 1926 reconnaissance flying boat, 332 built
• CAMS 46 1926 flying boat trainer, unk. no built
• CANT 18 1926 flying boat trainer, 29 built
• Savoia-Marchetti S.62 1926 reconnaissance flying boat, 175+ built
• CANT 25 1927 flying boat fighter, unk no. built
• Canadian Vickers Vista 1927 1 seat monoplane flying boat, 1 built
• Boeing Model 204 Thunderbird 1929 flying boat, 7 built
• Macchi M.41 1927 flying boat fighter, 42 built
• Supermarine Sheldrake 1927, 1 built
• Fokker F.11/B.IV 1928 monoplane transport flying boat, 7 built
• Rohrbach Ro X Romar 1928 flying boat, 3 built
• Savoia-Marchetti S.64 1928 distance record monoplane, 2 built

1930s

• FBA 310 1930 amphibious flying boat transport, 9 built
• SIAI S.67 1930 flying boat fighter, 3 built
• FBA 290 1931, amphibious flying boat trainer, 10 built
• Fizir AF-2 1931 amphibious flying boat trainer, 1 built
• Amiot 110-S 1931 patrol flying boat, 2 built
• Loening XSL 1931 submarine airplane, 1 built
• Beriev MBR-2 1931 flying boat, 1365 built
• Savoia-Marchetti S.66 1931 airliner flying boat, 24 built
• Tupolev MDR-2 1931 flying boat, 1 built
• Aichi AB-4 1932 flying boat, 6 built
• Boeing-Canada A-213 Totem 1932 flying boat, 1 built[17]
• Dornier Do 12 1932 amphibian, 4 seats, 1 built
• Savoia-Marchetti SM.78 1932 patrol flying boat, 49 built
• General Aviation PJ 1933 monoplane flying boat, 5 built
• Loire 50 1933 training amphibian, 7 built
• Savoia-Marchetti SM.80bis 1933 transport amphibian, 1+ built
• Supermarine Seagull/Walrus 1933 military flying boat, 740 built
• Aichi E10A 1934 reconnaissance flying boat, 15 built
• Loire 130 1934 reconnaissance flying boat, 125 built
• Beriev MBR-2 1935 flying boat, 1365 built
• Curtiss-Wright CA-1 1935 amphibious flying boat, 3 built
• Dornier Do 18 1935 monoplane flying boat, 170 built
• Aichi E11A 1937 reconnaissance flying boat, 17 built
• Kawanishi E11K 1937 monoplane flying boat, 2 built
• SNCAO 30 1938 flying boat trainer, 2 built
• Nikol A-2 1939 amphibious flying boat trainer, 1 built

Post War II

• SCAN 20 1945 flying boat trainer, 24 built
• Volmer VJ-21 Jaybird 1947 2 seat light aircraft, unk no. built
• Volmer VJ-22 Sportsman 1958 2 seat homebuilt amphibian, (not all are pushers), 100+ built
• Lake Buccaneer 1959 amphibian, 4 seats, 1000+ built
• Aerosport Woody Pusher 1967 tandem 2 seater, parasol wing, 27 ex.
• Taylor Coot 1969 2 seat homebuilt amphibian, 70 built
• Aerosport Rail 1970 single seat ultralight, twin engine, 1 built
• Osprey Osprey 2 1973 2 seat homebuilt, unk no. built
• 3I Sky Arrow (now marketed by Magnaghi Aeronautica) 1982 maiden flight,[18] ULM/LSA/GA tandem two-seater high wing, some 50 built
• RFB X-114 1977 ground-effect craft prototype 6/7 seat, 1 built
• Freedom Master FM-2 flying boat homebuilt prototype 2 seat, 1 built
• 3I Sky Arrow (Magnaghi Aeronautica) 1982,[19] ULM/LSA/GA 2 seater tandem, about 50 built
• Tisserand Hydroplum and SMAN Pétrel 1983 homebuilt amphibian, about 63 built
• Microleve Corsario 1988 ultralight amphibious homebuilt, unk no. built
• Creative Flight Aerocat 2001 amphibious 4 seater prototype, 1 built
• Airmax Sea Max 2005 2 seat biplane amphibian, unk no. built
• CZAW Mermaid 2005 2 seat amphibious biplane, unk no. built

Below tail boom

• Nelson Dragonfly 1947 motorglider, 7 built
• AmEagle American Eaglet 1975 ultralight motorglider, 12 built
• Jean St-Germain Raz-Mut 1976 1 seat ultralight, 7 built
• Alpaero Sirius 1984 1 seat UL motorglider, 20 built
• Taylor Tandem, unk no. built

Between up and down tail booms

• Raab Krähe 1958 motorglider 1 seat, 30 built
• Brditschka HB-3, HB-21, HB-23 1971- 1982 motorgliders 2 seater[note 1]
• HB-204 TornadoHB Flugtechnik 2013 prototype 2 seater[note 2]

Above tailboom

• Loening Model 23 Air Yacht 1921 transport flying boat, 16 built
• Koolhoven F.K.30 Toerist 1927 2 seat monoplane, 1 built
• Curtiss-Wright Junior 1930 2 seat ultralight, 270 built
• Curtiss-Wright CW-3 Duckling 1931 ultralight amphibious flying boat, 3 built
• British Aircraft Company Drone 1932 1 seat ultralight, 33 built
• Siebel Si 201 1938 reconnaissance 2 built
• Republic RC-3 Seabee 1945 4 seat amphibian, 1,060 built
• Fokker F.25 Promotor 1946 transport, 20 built
• Aerauto PL.5C 1949 1949 roadable aircraft, 1 built
• Janowski Don Kichot/J-1 1970 1 seat homebuilt, unk no. built[20]
• Spencer Air Car 1970 4 seat homebuilt amphibian, 51 built
• SZD-45 Ogar 1973 2 seat motorglider, 65 built
• Neukom AN-20 1978 motorglider experimental 1 seat
• Taylor Bird 1980 2 seat homebuilt, unk no. built[21]
• Strojnik S-2 1980 motorglider 1 seater, 8+ built.
• Aérostructure Lutin 80 1983 1 seat ultralight motorglider, 2 built[22]
• Birdman Chinook 1982 ultralight homebuilt, 1100+ built
• Alpha J-5 Marco 1983 1 seat ultralight motorglider, unk no. built[20]
• Quad City Challenger 1983 2 seat ultralight, 3,000+ built
• Spectrum Beaver 1983 ultralight homebuilt, 2080+ built
• Funk Fk6 1985 1 seat ultralight motorglider, unk no. built[23]
• Advanced Aeromarine Buccaneer 1988 2 seat amphibious biplane, unk no. built
• D-8 Moby Dick 1988 2 seater, 37 built
• Seabird Seeker 1989 observation aircraft 2 seater, 31 built
• Technoflug Piccolo 1989 1 seat ultralight motorglider, unk no. built[24]
• Rans s-12 Airaile 1990 2 seater, 1100+ built
• Aeroprakt A-20 Vista 1991 2 seater [25]
• Aviasud Engineering Albatros 1991 UL biplane [26]
• Partenair Mystere 1996 2 seater, 3 built
• AAC SeaStar 1998 2 seat amphibious biplane, 91 built
• Alpaero Exel 1998 motoplaneur monoplane en kit, 9 ex.
• Sea Storm Z2, 1998 hydravion biplane, 12 built
• AAC SeaStar 2002 amphibious 2 seater, 91 built
• Ekolot JK 01A Elf 2006 motorglider monoplane
• Bagalini Bagaliante circa 2010 motorglider 1 seat
• ICON Aircraft A5 2013 2 seat amphibious light sport, in production
• Vickers Aircraft Wave 2 seat carbon fiber amphibious light sport aircraft, in final development

Propeller behind the tail

• Pénaud Planophore 1871 first aerodynamically stable fixed-wing aeroplane, rubber powered model, 1 built
• Convair 111 Air Car 1945 roadable airplane, 1 built
• Prescott Pusher 1985 4 seat homebuilt, about 30 built
• Air Quest Nova 21 1992 2 seat homebuilt, unk no. built[27]
• Eviation Alice 2019 transport electric plane prototype in development 10/11 seats [28][29]

Lateral behind wing

• Curtiss H-1 America 1914 transatlantic biplane, 2 built
• Friedrichshafen G.I 1915 bomber, 1 built
• LFG Roland G.I 1915 bomber, 1 built
• Rumpler G.I, II and III 1915 bomber c.220 built
• Schutte-Lanz G.I 1915 bomber 1 built (behind wing)
• Airco DH.3 1916 bomber, 2 built
• Avro 523 Pike 1916 bomber, 2 built
• Friedrichshafen G.II 1916 bomber, 35 built
• Gotha G.II 1916 bomber, 11 built
• Gotha G.III 1916 bomber, 25 built
• Gotha G.IV 1916 bomber, 230 built
• Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.4 1916 bomber, 2 built
• Friedrichshafen G.III 1917 bomber, 338 built
• Gotha G.V 1917 bomber, 205 built
• Boeing GA-1 1920 bomber 10 built
• Udet U 11 Kondor 1926 airliner, 1 built

1930 and later

• Praga E-210 and E-211 1936 transport, 2 built[30]
• Bell YFM-1 Airacuda 1937 interceptor, 13 built
• Convair B-36 Peacemaker 1946 bomber, 384 built
• Baumann Brigadier 1947 transport, 2 built
• Nord 2100 Norazur 1947 transport, 1 built
• Monsted-Vincent MV-1 Starflight 1948 airliner, 1 built
• Piaggio P.136 1948 amphibious transport, 63 built
• Dinfia IA 45 Querandi 1957 5/6 seater, 2 built
• Piaggio P.166 1957 transport, 145 built
• AAC Angel, 1984 transport, 4 built
• Piaggio P.180 Avanti 1986 executive transport, 216+ built
• Mc Donnel Douglas MD-80 1987 Liner experimental Propfan
• EM-11 Orka 2003 4 seat transport, 5 built
• Burevestnik-24 2004 ground-effect aircraft 24 seats, 6 built
• OMA SUD Skycar 2007 transport, 1 built
• Aeroprakt A-36 Vulcan 2011 2 seater

Lateral nacelles

• Custer Channel Wing 1942 experimental aircraft, 4 built
• Embraer/FMA CBA 123 Vector 1990 airliner, 2 built[31]
• NAL Saras 2004 airliner, 2 built

Remote drive

Propeller ahead of tail

Within airframe

• Megone biplane 1913 2 seat, 1 built[32]
• Fischer Fibo-2a 1954 1 seat motorglider, 1 built[33]
• Rhein Flugzeugbau RW 3 Multoplan 1955 RFB Fantrainer prototype, 27 built[34]
• Kuffner WK-1 1970 motorglider 1 seat, 1 built[35]
• Rhein-Flugzeugbau Sirius II 1972 2 seat motorglider, unk no. built[15]
• Neukom AN-20C 1983 1 seat ultralight homebuilt motorglider, 1 built
• PJ-II Dreamer 2016 jet fighter style 2 seater, 1 built [36]

Behind wing

• Burgess model I 1913 patrol floatplane, 1 built
• Mann & Grimmer M.1 1915, 1 built
• Carden-Baynes Bee 1937 2 seat tourer, 1 built
• Raab Krähe 1958 1 seat motorglider, 30 built
• Eipper Quicksilver 1974 1 seat ultralight
• Theseus Aircraft 1996 NASA research aircraft, no pilot, 1 built

Inside tail

• Bede XBD-2/BD-3 1961 ducted fan boundary layer control aircraft, 1 built [37]
• Mississippi State University XAZ-1 Marvelette 1962 experimental aircraft to test ideas XV-11 Marvel, 1 built
• Mississippi State University XV-11 Marvel 1965 boundary layer control test aircraft, 1 built

Behind tail

• Antoinette I, 1906, 2 seats experimental, project[38]
• Paulhan-Tatin Aéro-Torpille No.1 1911 monoplane, 1 built [39]
• Kasyanenko No. 5 1917 experimental biplane, 1 built[40][41][42]
• Göppingen Gö 9 1941 experimental propulsion aircraft, 1 built
• Dornier Do 212 1942 experimental amphibian, 1 built[43]
• Douglas XB-42 Mixmaster 1944, bomber, 2 built
• Douglas DC-8 (piston airliner) 1945, transport project, not built
• Lockheed Big Dipper 1945 transport, 1 built [44]
• Douglas Cloudster II 1947 transport, 1 built
• Waco Aristocraft 1947 transport, 1 built
• Acme Sierra 1948 1 seat experimental, 1 built
• Allenbaugh Grey Ghost, 1948 1 seat experimental, 1 built[45]
• Parks Alumni Racer, 1949 1 seat experimental, 1 built [46]
• Planet Satellite 1949 4 seat transport, 1 built
• Taylor Aerocar 1949 2 seat roadable aircraft, 6 built
• Pützer Bussard SR-57 1958 experimental 2 seater, 90 hp, 1 built [47]

1960 and later

• HMPAC Puffin 1961 human powered aircraft, 2 built
• Lesher Nomad 1961 experimental 2 seater homebuilt, one built
• Aerocar Aero-Plane 1964 four seater 1 built
• Lesher Teal 1965 experimental 1 seat homebuilt, one built
• HPA Toucan 1972 human powered aircraft, 1 built[48]
• Ryson STP-1 Swallow 1972 2 seat homebuilt motorglider, 1 built
• Bede BD-5 1973 1 seat homebuilt, about 150 built
• Aerocar Mini-IMP 1974 1 seat homebuilt, 250+ built[49]
• AmEagle American Eaglet 1975 1 seat self-launching ultralight sailplane, 12 built
• Landray GL.02 1978 tandem layout (Pou du Ciel) 1 seat, 1 built
• Grinvalds Orion 1981 4 seat homebuilt, about 17 built
• LearAvia Lear Fan 1981 transport, 3 built[50]
• Cirrus VK-30 1988 5 seat homebuilt, about 13 built
• Miller JM-2 and Pushy Galore 1989 racer, 3 built[51]
• SolarFlight Sunseeker I 1990 solar aircraft 1 seater, 1 ex.
• Grob GF 200 1991 transport, 1 built
• Myasishchev Mayal 1992 multi-purpose amphibian, 1 built[52][53]
• NASA Perseus 1994 research aircraft, 1 built
• Vmax Probe 1997 homebuilt racer, 1 built[54]
• Ameur Aviation Balbuzard/Baljims/Altania 1995 2 seater prototypes, 5 built
• Bede BD-12 1998 2 seat homebuilt, 1 built
• Aceair AERIKS 200 2002 2 seat kitplane, 1 built
• Chudzik CC-02 Rafale 2007 prototype three surface 2 seater tandem, 1ex.[55]
• LH Aviation LH-10 Ellipse 2007 2 seat homebuilt, 3 built

Propeller above fuselage or wing

• Schleicher ASH 26 1995 1 seat glider with retractable propeller, 234 built
• Airfish-3 WIG 1990 Wing In Ground Effect demonstrator one seat, 1 built
• Airfish-8 WIG 2007 Wing In Ground Effect transport prototype 8/10 seats, 2 built

Canard and tandem layouts

A canard is an aircraft with a smaller wing ahead of the main wing. A tandem layout has both front and rear wings of similar dimensions.

Direct drive

• Santos-Dumont 14-bis 1906 first public controlled sustained flight, 1 built
• Fabre Hydravion 1910, first successful floatplane, 1 built
• Paulhan biplane 1910, 3 built
• Voisin Canard 1911 biplane, 10+ built
• Gee Bee Model Q 1931 experimental, 1 built
• Ambrosini SS.2 & 3 1935 experimental aircraft, 2 built[note 3]
• Ambrosini SS.4 1939 prototype fighter, 1 built
• Curtiss-Wright XP-55 Ascender 1943 prototype fighter, 3 built
• Miles M.35 Libellula 1942, experimental tandem wing carrier-based fighter, 1 built
• Miles M.39B Libellula 1943, experimental (5/8 scale) tandem wing carrier-based bomber, 1 built
• Skoda-Kauba V7 1944 1 seat, project[56]

1945 and later In this section Rutan pushers are more than 1000 built.

• Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-8 Utka 1945 swept wing demonstrator prototype, 1 built
• Lockspeiser LDA-01 1971 experimental scale development aircraft, 1 built
• Rutan VariViggen 1972 homebuilt, about 20 built
• Rutan VariEze 1975 2 seat homebuilt, about 400 built
• Rutan Long-EZ 1979 2 seat homebuilt, about 800 built
• Diehl Aeronautical XTC Hydrolight 1981 amphibian UL 1 seat
• OMAC Laser 300 1981, transport, 3 built
• Cozy III 1982 3 seater amateur built
• Avtek 400 1984 transport, 1 built
• Cozy Mk IV 1988 four seater amateur built, ~ 350 built
• Beechcraft Starship 1989 airliner, 53 built
• Berkut 360 1988 2 seater tandem, 31 built
• AASI Jetcruzer 1989 transport, 3 built
• Velocity SE 1995 4 seater, ~ 268 built
• Steve Wright Stagger-Ez 2003 modified Cozy homebuilt, 1 built
• RMT Bateleur 115 T 2007 2 seater [57]
• E-Go Aeroplanes e-Go 2013 ultralight and light-sport aircraft, 1 built
• Cobalt Co50 Walkyrie 2015 prototype 4 seater, 1 built

Remote engine mounting

• Langley Aerodrome Number 5 1896 experimental model[48]
• Wright Flyer 1903 experimental airplane, first recognized powered, sustained flight, 1 built
• Wright Model A 1906 biplane, about 60 built
• Deperdussin-de Feure model 2, 1910, experimental, 1 built [58]
• De Bruyere C1 1917 fighter prototype 1 seater, 1 ex.[59]
• Kyūshū J7W, prototype fighter, 1 seat, 2130 hp, 1945, 2 built
• AeroVironment Gossamer Condor 1977 human powered aircraft won Kremer prize, 1 built
• AeroVironment Gossamer Albatross 1979 human powered aircraft, 2 built
• Dickey E-Racer 1986 homebuilt, unk no. built[60][61]
• British Aerospace P.1233-1 Saba 1988 anti-helicopter and close air support attack aircraft, project[62]

Joined wings

A tandem (or three-surface) configuration whose wingtips are joined is a Closed wing.

• Ben Brown SC c. 1932, experimental joined wing, 1 built[63]
• Ligeti Stratos 1985 1 seat homebuilt, 2 built[64]
• Airkraft Sunny 1989 2 seater, 250 built

Tailless aircraft, Flying wings

Tailless aircraft

Tailless aircraft lack a horizontal stabilizer.

• Dunne D.4 1908, 1 built
• Dunne D.5 1910, 1 built
• Dunne D.6 & D.7 1911 monoplane, 2 built
• Dunne D.8 1912, 5 built
• Westland-Hill Pterodactyl series 1928, several built
• Lippisch Delta 1 1931, experimental tailless monoplane, 1 built[65]
• Waterman Whatsit 1932 roadable aircraft, 1 built
• Waterman Arrowplane 1935 roadable aircraft, 1 built
• Waterman Arrowbile 1937 roadable aircraft, 5 built
• Kayaba Ku-4 1941 (not flown) research aircraft, 1 built
• Handley Page Manx 1943 experimental tailless aircraft, 1 built
• Northrop XP-56 Black Bullet 1943 tailless fighter, 2 built
• Sud-Est SE-2100, prototype tourer, 2 seats, 140 hp, 1945 [66]
• M.L. Aviation Utility 1953 inflatable wing, 4 built
• DINFIA IA 38 1960 transport, 1 built
• Fauvel AV.45 1960 1 seat motor glider, unk no. built
• Rohr 2-175 1974 2 seat roadable aircraft, 1 built[67][68]
• Cascade Kasperwing I-80 1976 UL 1 seater
• Pterodactyl Ascender 1979 1 seat ultralight, 1396 built
• Mitchell U2 Superwing 1980 1 seat ultralight
• Facet Opal, 1988, 1 seat, experimental flying wing, 1 built [69]
• Wingco Atlantica 2002 Blended wing-body demonstrator 5 seats, 1 built [70]
• Aériane Swift Light PAS 2007 monoplane
• Horten Aircraft HX-2 2019 2 seat prototype[71]

Tailless, fabric wing, no fuselage

• Ultralight trike or Flexwing
• Paramotor or Powered paraglider
• Powered parachute

Flying wings

Flying wings lack a distinct fuselage, with crew, engines, and payload contained within the wing structure.

• Horten V 1938 powered testbed, 3 built[72]
• Northrop N-1M 1940 experimental flying wing, 1 built
• Northrop N-9M 1942 experimental flying wing, 4 built
• Horten H.VII 1944 2 seat prototype
• Northrop B-35 1946 bomber, 4 built
• Davis Flying Wing 1987 [73][74]
• Horten PUL-10 1992 2 seater [75]

Push-pull aircraft

Sides of fuselage

• Zeppelin-Staaken R.V 1917 bomber, 3 built
• Bristol Braemar 1918 bomber, 2 built
• Handley Page V/1500 1918 bomber, 63 built
• Farman F.121 Jabiru 1923 airliner, 9 built
• Dornier Do K 1929 airliner, 3 built
• Fokker F.32 1929 airliner, 7 built
• Farman F.220 1932 airliner and bomber, about 80 built

Above fuselage

• Felixstowe Porte Baby 1915 patrol flying boat, 11 built
• Curtiss NC 1918 patrol flying boat, 10 built
• Johns Multiplane 1919 bomber, 1 built
• Bristol Pullman 1920 airliner, 1 built
• Naval Aircraft Factory TF 1920 fighter flying boat, 4 built
• SIAI S.22 1921 racing flying boat, 1 built
• Dornier Wal 1922 flying boat, about 300 built
• CAMS 33 1923 patrol flying boat, 21 built
• Macchi M.24 1924 flying boat, unk. no built
• Savoia-Marchetti S.55 1924 flying boat, 243+ built
• Boeing XPB 1925 patrol flying boat, 1 built
• Caproni Ca.73 1925 bomber unk. no. built
• NVI F.K.33 1925 airliner, 1 built
• CAMS 51 1926 flying boat, 3 built
• Dornier Do R Superwal 1926 airliner flying boat, 19 built
• Kawasaki Ka 87 1926 bomber, 28 built
• Latécoère 21 1926 airliner flying boat, 7 built
• Latécoère 23 1927 transport flying boat, 1 built
• Latécoère 24 1927 mailplane flying boat, 1 built
• Farman F.180 1927 airliner, 3 built
• Savoia-Marchetti S.63 1927 flying boat, 1 built[76]
• CAMS 53 1928 transport flying boat, 30 built
• CAMS 55 1928 patrol flying boat, 112 built
• Latécoère 32 1928 mailplane flying boat, 8 built
• Latham 47 1928 patrol flying boat, 16 built
• Dornier X 1929 airliner flying boat, 3 built
• Comte AC-3 1930 bomber, 1 built
• Dornier Do P 1930 bomber, 1 built
• Dornier Do S 1930 flying boat, 1 built[77]
• Hinkler Ibis 1930 2 seat monoplane, 1 built
• Latécoère 340 1930 airliner flying boat, 1 built
• Latécoère 380 1930 flying boat, 5 built
• Blériot 125 1931 airliner, 1 built
• Bratu 220 1932 airliner, 1 built
• Latécoère 500 1932 transport flying boat, 2 built
• Caproni Ca.90 1929 bomber, 1 built
• Sikorsky XP2S 1932 patrol flying boat, 1 built[78]
• CAMS 58 1933 airliner flying boat, 4 built
• Lioré et Olivier LeO H-27 1933 mailplane flying boat 1 built
• Loire 70 1933 patrol flying boat, 8 built
• Tupolev ANT-16 1933 bomber 1 built
• Tupolev ANT-20 1934 transport, 2 built
• Tupolev MTB-1 1934 patrol flying boat, 25 built
• Dornier Do 18 1935 patrol flying boat, 170 built
• Bartini DAR 1936 patrol flying boat, 1 built
• Chyetverikov ARK-3 1936 flying boat, 7 built
• Dornier Do 26 1939 push-pull flying boat, 6 built
• Dornier Seastar 1984 push-pull amphibious 12 seats, 2 built

Extremities

• Caproni Ca.60 1921 airliner flying boat, 1 built
• Dornier Do 335 1943 push-pull fighter, 38 built
• Moynet Jupiter 1963 push-pull transport, 2 built
• Aero Design DG-1 1977 push-pull racer, 1 built
• Rutan Defiant 1978 transport, 19+ built
• Rutan Voyager 1984 endurance record aircraft, 1 built[note 4]*
• Star Kraft SK-700 1994 push-pull transport,[79]
• Aeronix Airelle 2002 tandem wing 2 seater, 5 built

On nose and between booms

• Siemens-Schuckert DDr.I 1917 fighter, 1 built
• Thomas-Morse MB-4 1920 mailplane, 2+ built
• Bellanca TES 1929, distance record aircraft, 1 built
• Savoia-Marchetti S.65 1929 racing floatplane 1 built
• Tupolev I-12 1931 Fighter prototype
• Fokker D.XXIII 1939 fighter, 1 built
• Moskalyev SAM-13 1940 (unflown) push-pull fighter, 0 built[80]
• Marton X/V (RMI-8) 1944 (unflown) fighter, 1 destroyed before completion
• Cessna Skymaster 1963 push-pull transport, 2993 built
• Canaero Toucan 1986 ultralight, 16+ built
• Schweizer RU-38 Twin Condor 1995 push-pull reconnaissance aircraft, 5 built
• Adam A500 2002 push-pull transport, 7 built

On wings and between booms

• Caproni Ca.1 1914 bomber, 162 built
• Caproni Ca.2 1915 bomber, 9 built
• AD Seaplane Type 1000 1916 bomber, 1 built
• Anatra DE 1916 bomber, 1 built
• Caproni Ca.3 1916 bomber, about 300 built
• Caproni Ca.4 1917 triplane bomber, 44-53 built
• Caproni Ca.5 1917 bomber, 662 built
• Gotha G.VI 1918 bomber, 2 built
• Grahame-White Ganymede 1919 bomber/airliner, 1 built

Rotorcraft

• Bensen autogyros 1953
• Fairey Jet Gyrodyne 1954, experimental gyrodyne
• McDonnell XV-1 1954, experimental compound helicopter, 550 hp
• Avian Gyroplane 1960, 2 seats, about 6 built
• Wallis autogyros 1961
• CarterCopter / Carter PAV 1998
• Sikorsky X2 2008, experimental compound helicopter
• Sikorsky S-97 Raider 2015, experimental compound helicopter

See also

• List of pusher aircraft by configuration - in alphabetical order
• Pusher configuration
• Push-pull configuration
• Tractor configuration

Bibliography

• Extension-Shaft Pusher Type Aircraft, Sport aviation[81]

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

На других языках

---

- [en] List of pusher aircraft by configuration and date

---

[fr] Liste d'avions à hélice propulsive

Un avion à hélice propulsive, quelquefois dénommé "pusher" (d'après le terme anglais pusher aircraft), est un type d’avion dont la ou les hélices sont placées derrière les moteurs. Ils peuvent être classés selon plusieurs critères :

---

---