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The Pratt & Whitney R-4360 Wasp Major is an American 28-cylinder four-row radial piston aircraft engine designed and built during World War II. First run in 1944, at 4,362.5 cu in (71.5 L), it is the largest-displacement aviation piston engine to be mass-produced in the United States, and at 4,300 hp (3,200 kW) the most powerful. It was the last of the Pratt & Whitney Wasp family, and the culmination of its maker's piston engine technology.

R-4360 Wasp Major
Pratt & Whitney R-4360 Wasp Major
Type	Four-row Radial engine
National origin	United States
Manufacturer	Pratt & Whitney
First run	1944
Major applications	Boeing 377 Boeing B-50 Superfortress Boeing C-97 Stratofreighter Convair B-36 Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar
Number built	18,697
Developed from	Pratt & Whitney R-2180-A Twin Hornet
Developed into	Pratt & Whitney R-2180-E Twin Wasp E

The war was over before it could power airplanes into combat. It powered many of the last generation of large piston-engined aircraft before turbojets, but was supplanted by equivalent (and superior) powered turboprops (such as the Allison T56).

Its main rival was the twin-row, 18-cylinder, nearly 3,350 cu in (54.9 l) displacement, up to 3,700 hp (2,800 kW) Wright R-3350 Duplex-Cyclone, first run some seven years earlier (May 1937).

Design and development

The R-4360 was a 28-cylinder four-row air-cooled radial engine. Each row of seven air-cooled cylinders possessed a slight angular offset from the previous, forming a semi-helical arrangement to facilitate effective airflow cooling of the cylinder rows behind them, inspiring the engine's "corncob" nickname.[1] A mechanical supercharger geared at 6.374:1 ratio to engine speed provided forced induction, while the propeller was geared at 0.375:1 so that the tips did not reach inefficient supersonic speeds.

The engine was a technological challenge and the first product from Pratt and Whitney's new plant near Kansas City, Missouri.[2] The four-row configuration had severe thermal problems that decreased reliability, with an intensive maintenance regime involving frequent replacement of cylinders required.^{[citation needed]} Large cooling flaps were required, which decreased aerodynamic efficiency, putting extra demands on engine power when cooling needs were greatest. Owing in large part to the maintenance requirements of the R-4360, all airplanes equipped with it were costly to operate and suffered decreased availability. Its commercial application in the Boeing Stratocruiser was unprofitable without government subsidy.[3] Abandonment of the Stratocruiser was almost immediate when jet aircraft became available, while aircraft with smaller powerplants such as the Lockheed Constellation and Douglas DC-6 remained in service well into the jet era.

Engine displacement was 4,362.5 cu in (71.5 L), hence the model designation. Initial models developed 3,000 hp (2,200 kW), and later models 3,500 hp (2,600 kW). One model that used two large turbochargers in addition to the supercharger delivered 4,300 horsepower (3,200 kW). Engines weighed 3,482–3,870 lb (1,579–1,755 kg), giving a power-to-weight ratio of 1.11 hp/lb (1.82 kW/kg).

Wasp Majors were produced between 1944 and 1955; 18,697 were built.

A derivative engine, the Pratt & Whitney R-2180-E Twin Wasp E, was essentially the R-4360 "cut in half". It had two rows of seven cylinders each, and was used on the postwar Saab 90 Scandia airliner.[4]

Variants

• R-4360-4 - 2,650 hp (1,980 kW)
• R-4360-17 - 3,500 hp (2,600 kW) XB-35 and YB-35 outboard engines with 8-bladed contra-rotating propellers[5]
• R-4360-20 - 3,500 hp (2,600 kW)
• R-4360-21 - 3,500 hp (2,600 kW) XB-35 and YB-35 inboard engines with 8-bladed contra-rotating propellers[5]
• R-4360-25 - 3,000 hp (2,200 kW)
• R-4360-41 - 3,500 hp (2,600 kW)
• R-4360-45 - 3,500 hp (2,600 kW) YB-35 outboard engines with 4-bladed propellers[5]
• R-4360-47 - 3,500 hp (2,600 kW) YB-35 inboard engines with 4-bladed propellers[5]
• R-4360-51 VDT - "Variable Discharge Turbine" 4,300 hp (3,210 kW). Intended for B-36C. Used on Boeing YB-50C Superfortress. 2-Power recovery turbines.
• R-4360-53 - 3,800 hp (2,800 kW)
• R-4360-B3 - 3,500 hp (2,600 kW)
• R-4360-B6 - 3,500 hp (2,600 kW)

Applications

Engines on display

• An R-4360 is on display at the Texas Air Museum - Stinson Chapter, San Antonio, Texas
• An R-4360 is on display at the Mid America Museum of Aviation and Transportation in Sioux City, Iowa.[6]
• An R-4360 is on display at the Museum of Flight in Seattle, Washington.[7][8]
• An R-4360 is on display at the Heritage Flight Museum in Burlington, Washington.[9]
• An R-4360 is on display at the New England Air Museum, in Windsor Locks, Connecticut.[8]
• An R-4360 is on display at the Museum of Alaska Transportation and Industry in Wasilla, Alaska.[8]
• An R-4360 is on display at the Pioneer Air Museum in Fairbanks, Alaska.
• An R-4360 is on display at the CAF Airpower Museum in Dallas, Texas.[8]
• An R-4360 is on display at the Air Zoo in Kalamazoo, Michigan.[8]
• An R-4360-4W is on display at the Yankee Air Museum in Belleville, Michigan[10]
• An R-4360-20WA is on display at the Teaneck Ignition Service in Teaneck, New Jersey.[8]
• An R-4360-20WD is on display at the Combat Air Museum in Topeka, Kansas.[11]
• An R-4360-59B is on display at the Combat Air Museum in Topeka, Kansas.[11]
• An R-4360-69 is on display at the Castle Air Museum in Atwater, California.[8]
• An R-4360 cutaway is on display at the Hill Aerospace Museum at Hill Air Force Base in Roy, Utah.[12]
• An R-4360 cutaway is on display at the Air Victory Museum in Lumberton, New Jersey.[13]
• An R-4360 cutaway is on display at the Air Zoo in Kalamazoo, Michigan.[8]
• An R-4360 cutaway is on display at the Museum of Aviation in Warner Robins, Georgia.[8]
• An R-4360 cutaway is on display at the Evergreen Aviation and Space Museum in McMinnville, Oregon.[8]
• An R-4360 cutaway is on display at the CAF Airpower Museum in Dallas, Texas.[8]
• An R-4360 cutaway is on display at the Pima Air and Space Museum in Tucson, Arizona.[8]
• An R-4360 cutaway is on display at the Air Force Armament Museum at Eglin Air Force Base in Valparaiso, Florida.[8]
• An R-4360 cutaway is on display at the Strategic Air Command & Aerospace Museum in Ashland, Nebraska.[8]
• An R-4360-4 cutaway is on display at the National Museum of Naval Aviation in Pensacola, Florida.[8]
• An R-4360-59B cutaway is on display at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center of the National Air and Space Museum in Chantilly, Virginia.[14]
• An R-4360-59B cutaway is on display at the Florida Air Museum in Lakeland, Florida.[15][8]
• An R-4360 cutaway is on display at the Mid-Atlantic Air Museum, Reading, Pennsylvania[16]
• Wreckage of an R-4360 is on display as a memorial in the Ben Shemen Forest in Israel.
• An R-4360 is on display at the presidential gallery at the National Museum of the United States Air Force in Dayton, Ohio.[17]
• An operational R-4360 is on display at the Penngrove Power and Implement Museum in Penngrove, California.[18]
• Two R-4360s are on public display at the Aerospace Museum of California. One is complete, the other is a cutaway.
• An operational R-4360 is on display at Nieman's Harley Rentals in St Helena, California[19]

Specifications (R-4360-51VDT)

Data from White, 1995[20]

General characteristics

• Type: 28-cylinder supercharged air-cooled four-row radial engine
• Bore: 5.75 in (146 mm)
• Stroke: 6.00 in (152 mm).
• Displacement: 4,362.5 cu in (71.489 L)
• Length: 103 in (2,600 mm)
• Diameter: 61 in (1,500 mm)
• Dry weight: 3,720 lb (1,690 kg)

Components

• Valvetrain: Poppet, two valves per cylinder
• Supercharger: Gear-driven single stage variable speed centrifugal type supercharger
• Turbocharger: General Electric CHM-2 (optional)
• Fuel system: Bendix-Stromberg PR-100E2 pressure carburetor
• Fuel type: 115/145 Aviation gasoline
• Oil system: Dry sump
• Cooling system: Air-cooled

Performance

• Power output: 4,300 hp (3,200 kW) at 2800 rpm
• Specific power: 0.99 hp/cu in (45 kW/L)
• Compression ratio: 7:1
• Power-to-weight ratio: 1.11 hp/lb (1.82 kW/kg)

See also

Related development

• Pratt & Whitney Wasp series
• Pratt & Whitney R-1830 Twin Wasp
• R-1535 Twin Wasp Junior
• Pratt & Whitney R-2180-A Twin Hornet
• Pratt & Whitney R-2180-E Twin Wasp E
• Pratt & Whitney R-2800 Double Wasp

Comparable engines

• BMW 803
• Bristol Centaurus
• Shvetsov ASh-2
• Wright R-3350

Related lists

• List of aircraft engines

References

Notes

Bibliography

• Bridgman, Leonard, ed. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1951–1952. London: Samson Low, Marston & Company, Ltd 1951.
• Gunston, Bill (2006). World Encyclopedia of Aero Engines: From the Pioneers to the Present Day (5 ed.). Stroud, UK: Sutton. ISBN 0-7509-4479-X.
• White, Graham (1995). Allied Aircraft Piston Engines of World War II: History and Development of Frontline Aircraft Piston Engines Produced by Great Britain and the United States During World War II. Warrendale, Pennsylvania: SAE International. ISBN 1-56091-655-9.
• White, Graham (2006). R-4360: Pratt & Whitney's Major Miracle. North Branch, Minn.: Specialty Press. ISBN 1-58007-097-3.

External links

• Pratt & Whitney R-4360 page
• Pratt Whitney
• National Museum of the USAF – R-4360 fact sheet
• "3,500 h.p. Radial" a 1947 Flight article on the Wasp Major

На других языках

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[de] Pratt & Whitney R-4360

Der US-amerikanische Pratt & Whitney R-4360 Wasp Major ist einer der größten Flugzeug-Sternmotoren, die während des Zweiten Weltkrieges entwickelt und gebaut wurden. Sein Hubraum beträgt 71,5 Liter oder 4.360 Kubikzoll; daher die Typenbezeichnung. Er ist der letzte der P & W-„Wasp“-Serie und der Höhepunkt der Kolbenmotorenentwicklung von Pratt & Whitney. Er wurde aber erst nach dem Ende des Krieges in die letzte Generation von großen Propellerflugzeugen eingebaut, die bald durch strahlgetriebene Flugzeuge ersetzt wurden.

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- [en] Pratt & Whitney R-4360 Wasp Major

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[es] Pratt & Whitney R-4360 Wasp Major

El Pratt & Whitney R-4360 Wasp Major fue un gran motor de avión radial de pistones, diseñado y construido durante la II Guerra Mundial. Fue el último de la familia Pratt & Whitney Wasp y la culminación de la tecnología de motor con pistones, pero la guerra terminó antes que este pudiera ser utilizado en aviones en combate.

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[fr] Pratt & Whitney R-4360

Le Pratt & Whitney R-4360 « Wasp Major » est un moteur à combustion interne en étoile de 28 cylindres disposés sur 4 rangées. Il a été développé par l'Américain Pratt & Whitney. Dessiné et construit pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, il est le dernier de la série Wasp (série de moteurs à pistons).

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[it] Pratt & Whitney R-4360

Il Pratt & Whitney R-4360 Wasp Major fu il più grande e potente motore a cilindri radiali per aviazione mai prodotto in serie. Questo motore rappresentò l'apice dello sviluppo della tecnologia dei motori a pistoni, o come vengono chiamati oggi alternativi, prima che l'avvento dei motori Jet e dei motori turboelica ne riducesse drasticamente l'adozione nel mercato aeronautico civile e militare.

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[ru] Pratt & Whitney R-4360 Wasp Major

Пратт анд Уитни R-4360 Уосп Мейджор (англ. Pratt & Whitney R-4360 Wasp Major) — американский 28-цилиндровый четырёхрядный звездообразный поршневой авиационный двигатель воздушного охлаждения, разработанный компанией Pratt & Whitney во время Второй Мировой Войны. Это самый большой авиационный поршневой двигатель, серийно выпускавшийся в США[1].

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