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The Heinkel He 280 was the first turbojet-powered fighter aircraft in the world. It was inspired by Ernst Heinkel's emphasis on research into high-speed flight and built on the company's experience with the He 178 jet prototype. A combination of technical and political factors led to it being passed over in favor of the Messerschmitt Me 262.[citation needed] Only nine were built and none reached operational status.[citation needed]

He 280
Heinkel He-280 illustration
Role Fighter
Manufacturer Heinkel
Designer Robert Lusser
First flight 22 September 1940
Status Cancelled
Produced 1940–1943
Number built 9

Development


The Heinkel company began the He 280 project on its own initiative after the He 178 had failed to interest the Reichsluftfahrtministerium (R.L.M.) (the German Reich Aviation Ministry ). The head designer was Robert Lusser, who began the project under the designation He 180 in late 1939.[1] It had a typical Heinkel fighter fuselage[clarification needed], semi-elliptical wings and a dihedralled tailplane with twin fins and rudders. It had a tricycle undercarriage with very little ground clearance.[2] This arrangement was considered too frail for the grass or dirt airfields of the era; however, the tricycle layout eventually gained acceptance. The He 280 was equipped with a compressed-air powered ejection seat, the first aircraft to carry one and the first aircraft to successfully employ one in an emergency.[1]

The first prototype was completed in the summer of 1940, but the HeS 8 intended to power it was running into difficulties. On 22 September 1940, while work on the engine continued, the first prototype started glide tests with ballasted pods hung in place of its engines,[2] towed behind a He 111. It was another six months before Fritz Schäfer flew the second prototype under its own power, on 30 March 1941. On 5 April 1941, Paul Bader made an exhibition flight to Ernst Udet, General-Ingenieur Lucht, Reidenbach, Eisenlohr and others. Yet, the RLM eventually favored development of the Me 262, though Heinkel was given Hirth Motoren for continued turbine development.[3]

One benefit of the He 280 which did impress the political leadership was the fact that the jet engines could burn kerosene, which requires much less expense and refining than the high-octane fuel used by piston-engine aircraft. However, government funding was lacking at the critical stage of initial development.

Over the next year, progress was slow due to the ongoing engine problems. A second engine design, the HeS 30 was also under development, both as an interesting engine in its own right and as a potential replacement for the HeS 8. In the meantime, alternative powerplants were considered, including the Argus As 014 pulsejet that powered the V-1 flying bomb.[4] It was proposed that up to eight be used.[4]

By the end of 1943, however, the third prototype was fitted with refined versions of the HeS 8 engine and was ready for its next demonstration. On 22 December, a mock dogfight was staged for RLM officials in which the He 280 was matched against an Fw 190, in which the jet demonstrated its vastly superior speed, completing four laps of an oval course before the Fw 190 could complete three.[citation needed] Finally, at this point the RLM became interested and placed an order for 20 pre-production test aircraft, to be followed by 300 production machines.

Engine problems continued to plague the project. In 1942, the RLM had ordered Heinkel to abandon the HeS 8 and HeS 30 to focus all development on a follow-on engine, the HeS 011, a more advanced and problematic design.[citation needed] Meanwhile, the first He 280 prototype was re-equipped with pulsejets[4] and towed aloft to test them. Bad weather caused the aircraft to ice up, and before the jets could be tested pilot Helmut Schenk became the first person to put an ejection seat to use. The seat worked perfectly, but the aircraft was lost and never found.

With the HeS 011 not expected for some time, Heinkel selected the rival BMW 003. However, this engine also had problems and delays. The second He 280 prototype was re-engined with Junkers Jumo 004s while the next three airframes were earmarked for the BMW motor, which was ultimately unavailable. The Jumo engines were much larger and heavier than the HeS 8 that the aircraft had been designed for, and while it flew well enough on its first powered flights from 16 March 1943, it was clear that this engine was unsuitable.[citation needed] The aircraft was slower and generally less efficient than the Me 262.[2]

Less than two weeks later, on 27 March, Erhard Milch cancelled the project. The Jumo 004-powered Me 262 appeared to have most of the qualities of the He 280, but was better matched to its engine. Heinkel was ordered to abandon the He 280 and focus attention on bomber development and construction, something he remained bitter about until his death.[citation needed]


Prototypes


He 280 V1
  • Stammkennzeichen-coded as "DL+AS".
  • 1940-09-22: First flight.
  • 1942-01-13: Crashed due to control failure. Pilot ejected safely.
He 280 V2
  • Coded as "GJ+CA".
  • 1941-03-30: First flight.
  • 1943-06-26: Crashed due to engine failure.
He 280 V3
  • Coded as "GJ+CB".
  • 1942-07-05: First flight.
  • 1945-05: Captured at Heinkel-Sud factory complex at Wien-Schwechat, Austria.
He 280 V4
  • Coded as "GJ+CC".
  • 1943-08-31: First flight.
  • 1944-10: Struck off charge at Hörsching, Austria.
He 280 V5
  • Coded as "GJ+CD".
  • 1943-07-26: First flight.
  • Did not receive any jet engines.
He 280 V6
  • Coded as "NU+EA".
  • 1943-07-26: First flight.
  • powered by Junkers Jumo 109-004A engines
He 280 V7
  • Coded as "NU+EB" and "D-IEXM".
  • 1943-04-19: First flight.
  • Flew a total of 115 towed flights. Flew powered with Heinkel-Hirth 109-001 engines until an engine failure, reverting to a glider.
He 280 V8
  • Coded as "NU+EC".
  • 1943-07-19: First flight.
He 280 V9
  • Coded as "NU+ED".
  • 1943-08-31: First flight.

Specifications (He 280 V6)


Data from [5]

General characteristics

Performance

817.5 km/h (508.0 mph; 441.4 kn) at 6,000 m (19,685 ft)
809.5 km/h (503.0 mph; 437.1 kn) at 8,501 m (27,890 ft)
314 km (195 mi; 170 nmi) at sea level

Armament


See also


Related lists


References


Wikimedia Commons has media related to Heinkel He 280.
  1. Christopher, John (1 October 2012). The race for Hitler's X-planes : Britain's 1945 mission to capture secret Luftwaffe technology. The History Press Ltd. p. 58. ISBN 978-0752464572.
  2. Bridgman, Leonard, ed. (1989). Jane's Fighting aircraft of World War II (1995 ed.). New York: Military Press. p. 318. ISBN 0517679647.
  3. Warsitz, Lutz (2008). The First Jet Pilot: The Story of German Test Pilot Erich Warsitz. Barnsley: Pen and Sword aviation. pp. 141–144. ISBN 9781844158188.
  4. Dressel, Joachim; Griehl, Manfred; Menke, Jochen (1991). Heinkel He 280. West Chester, PA: Schiffer Military History. p. 15.
  5. Green, William (1970). The warplanes of the Third Reich (1st 1973 reprint ed.). New York: Doubleday. pp. 361–365. ISBN 0385057822.
  6. Lednicer, David. "The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage". m-selig.ae.illinois.edu. Retrieved 16 April 2019.




На других языках

[de] Heinkel He 280

Die Heinkel He 280 war ein zweistrahliges Jagdflugzeug des deutschen Herstellers Heinkel und absolvierte ihren Erstflug mit Strahltriebwerken am 30. März 1941 (He 280 V2).
- [en] Heinkel He 280

[fr] Heinkel He 280

Le Heinkel He 280 est un avion de chasse de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Faisant suite à l'avion expérimental Heinkel He 178, premier avion à réaction à avoir volé, et qui n'avait pas été suivi d'un développement en série, le He 280 fut le premier prototype au monde d'un chasseur propulsé par un moteur à réaction.

[it] Heinkel He 280

L'Heinkel He 280 fu un aereo da caccia bimotore a getto sviluppato dall'azienda aeronautica tedesca Ernst Heinkel Flugzeugwerke AG nei primi anni quaranta e rimasto allo stadio di prototipo.

[ru] Heinkel He 280

Хейнкель He 280 (нем. Heinkel He 280) — немецкий реактивный истребитель, созданный в годы Второй мировой войны. Являлся первым реактивным истребителем в мире, совершившим самостоятельный полет.


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